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biology test 2 > DIVERSITY OF ANIMALS INVERTEBRATES > Flashcards

DIVERSITY OF ANIMALS INVERTEBRATES Flashcards

1
Q

What are the members of animalia?

A
  • sponges and cnidarians
  • flatworms, nematodes, and arthropods
  • mollusks and annelids
  • echinoderms and chordates
  • vertebrates
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2
Q

What are the features of the animal kingdoms?

A
  • All animals are eukaryotic
  • most are motile
  • animals require a source of food to grow and develop
  • all animals are heterotrophic
  • reproduce sexually
    -offspring pass through a series of developmental stages that establish a determined body plan (refers to the shape of an animal)
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3
Q

What are tissues?

A

A collection of similar cells that had a common embryonic origin

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4
Q

what are the four main type of animal tissues?

A

nervous, muscle, connective and epithelial

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5
Q

what does the nervous tissue do?

A

contains nerve cells, which transmit nerve impulses

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6
Q

what does the muscle tissue do?

A

contracts to cause all types of body movements

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7
Q

what does the connective tissue do?

A

provide many functions, including transport and structural support

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8
Q

What does the epithelial tissue do?

A

covers the internal and external surfaces of organs inside the animal body and the external surface of the body of the organism

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9
Q

What happens during sexual animal reproduction?

A

During sexual reproduction, the male and female
gametes of a species combine in the process of
fertilization.
* Fertilization and fusion of the gamete nuclei
produce a zygote.
* Fertilization may be internal (e.g. land animals)
or external (e.g. aquatic species)
After fertilization, a developmental sequence
ensues as cells divide and differentiate.
* events in development are shared in groups of
related animal species
* During development, animal cells specialize
and form tissues, determining their future
morphology and physiology

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10
Q

What are the forms of asexual reproduction?

A
  • budding/fragmentation and parthenogenesis
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11
Q

What is budding/fragmentation?

A

part of a parent can separate and grow into a new individual

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12
Q

what is parthenogenesis?

A

unfertilized eggs develop into new offspring

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13
Q

what are the three animal body symmetry?

A
  • assymetrical, radial or bilateral
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14
Q

what is asymmetrical symmetry?

A

animals have no pattern in body plan

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15
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

animals have a longitudinal orientation, mirrored halves when cut up and down

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16
Q

what is bilateral symmetry?

A

a vertical plane cut from front to back separates the animal into roughly mirror- image right and left sides

17
Q

What are the two germ layers of embryonic develpment?

A

diploblast and triphoblast

18
Q

what is the difference between diploblast and triphoblast?

A

DIPLOBLAST: animals that develop two embryonic germ layers ( have radial symmetry)

TRIPHOBLAST: animals that develop 3 embryonic germ layers (have bilateral symmetry)

19
Q

what are the characteristics of sponges?

A
  • have specialized cells for particular functions
  • lack true tissues in which specialized cells are organized into functional groups
  • similar to colonial, flagellated protists
  • similar to the ancestor of animals
  • live in intimate contact with water
  • is dedicated to moving water through the body which allows the sponge to filter out food and absorb dissolved oxygen and eliminate waste
20
Q

how does the sponge body form?

A

water enters the large cavity from numerous pores in the body wall

21
Q

what is intracellular digestion?

A

food particles that are trapped in mucus produced by inner layer of sponge body cells are ingested by phagocytosis

  • sponge body cells take up nutrients repackaged in food vacuoles and deliver them to other cells withing the sponge
22
Q

What is the difference between fragmentation and budding?

A

FRAGMENTATION: a piece of the sponge breaks off and develops into a new individual

BUDDING: an outgrowth from the that eventually detatches

23
Q

what are the characteristics of sponge reproduction?

A
  • sponges are monoecious(or hemphrodict): one individual can produce both eggs and sperm
  • early larval development occurs within the sponge, and free swimming larvae are released from the body cavity
24
Q

True or false? are cnidarials radial symmetric?

A

true

25
Q

provide examples of cnidarians

A

jellyfish

26
Q

what are the characteristics of cnidarian stinging cells?

A
  • have specialized stinging cells located around the mouth and tentacles which can immobilize prey with toxin
  • have hairlike projection that are sensitive to touch, when touched, the cells fire the toxin- containing coiled threads that can stun the predator or prey
27
Q

what are medusae?

A

Medusae are motile with the mouth and tentacles hanging from the bell-shaped body

28
Q

What are the characteristics of cnidarian physiology?

A
  • two tissue layers include outer layer and inner layer lining the digestive cavity
  • there are differentiated cell types in each tissue layer, like nerve cells, enzyme-secreting cells, and nutrient- absorbing cells
  • nervous system is primitive, with nerve cells scattered across the body in a network
  • nerve cells carry signals from sensory cells and to contractile cells
  • have extracellular digestion, with digestion completed by intracellular digestive processes
29
Q

what are the characteristics of cnidarian digestion?

A

Food is taken into the gastrovascular cavity,
enzymes are secreted, and the cells lining the
cavity absorb the nutrients
* gastrovascular cavity has only one opening that
serves as both a mouth and an anus (incomplete
digestive system)
* Gas exchange, circulation, and excretion occur by
diffusion between cells and the water

30
Q

What are flatworms?

A
  • are acoelomate organisms that include free -living and parasitic forms
31
Q

what is acoelomate?

A

bodies contain no cavities or spaces between the outer surface and the inner digestive tract

32
Q

What are characteristics of flatworms

A
  • have three embryonic germ layers
  • have an incomplete digestive system with opening for both food intake and waste output
  • nervous system with a pair of nerve cords running the length of the body a large concentration of nerve cells at the anterior end of the worm
33
Q

What is extracellular digestion?

A

enzymes secreted by cells lining the tract, and digested materials taken into the same cells by phagocytosis

34
Q

What do flatworms include?

A
  • free living marine or freshwater species
  • species that are parasites of fish exteriors
  • species that are parasites in the interiors of mollusks and other groups including humans and spend part of life cycle in mollusks
35
Q

what are the characteristics of nematode

A
  • nematodes, or
    roundworms, possess a
    pseudocoelom and
    consist of both freeliving and parasitic
    forms
  • Present in all habitats
    and extremely
    common, although
    usually not visible
  • Most nematodes look like slender
    tubes, tapered at each end
  • Nematodes have a complete digestive
    system with a distinct mouth and
    anus
  • nematode body is encased in a
    cuticle, a flexible but tough
    exoskeleton, or external skeleton
    Cuticle made of chitin
  • exoskeleton provides
    protection, but also
    restricts growth
  • Exoskeleton must be
    continually shed and
    replaced as the animal
    increases in size
    excretory system is not
    specialized and wastes are
    removed by diffusion
  • Most nematodes have nerve
    cords that run along the length
    of the body and fuse in a ring
    around the head and tail
  • Muscles under the epidermis
    permit only side-to-side, wavelike undulation of the body
  • Nematodes have a diversity of
    sexual reproductive strategies
    depending on the species
  • Can be monoecious (one sex),
    dioecious (separate sexes), or
    may reproduce asexually by
    parthenogenesis
36
Q

What are the characteristics of arthropods?

A
  • Arthropods are one of the most successful
    taxonomic groups on the planet
  • Have a large central cavity, a hard exoskeleton
    and jointed appendages
  • hard chitin exoskeleton covering their bodies
    must be periodically shed and replaced for
    them to increase in size
    arthropods have a segmented body with
    fusion of certain sets of segments to give rise
    to functional segments
  • The open circulatory system: blood bathes the
    internal organs rather than circulating in vessels
  • has a two-chambered heart
37
Q

arthropod respiration

A

Book lungs: internal stacks of alternating air
pockets and tissue shaped like the pages of a
book
Book gills: external structures similar to book
lungs with stacks of leaf-like structures that
exchange gases with the surrounding water

biology test 2 (7 decks)

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