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biology test 2 > Diversity of animals > Flashcards

Diversity of animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a mollusk? Provide examples.

A

Mostly marine species with a variety of froms

EXAMPLES:
Chitons
* clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, geoducks
* snails, slugs, conchs, sea hares, sea butterflies
* Tooth shells
* octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, nautilus
(Cephalopods)

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2
Q

examples of annelids

A

include earthworms and leeches as marine forms

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3
Q

What are the key characteristics of mollusks

A

visceral mass, dorsal mantle and radula

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4
Q

what is visceral mass

A

contains most of the internal organs of the animal

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5
Q

what is dorsal mantle?

A

a flap of tissue over the visceral mass that creates a large cavity used for breathing and excretion

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6
Q

what is radula?

A

a scraping structure at the mouth

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7
Q

What is the characteristics of the mollusk circulatory system?

A

Most have an open circulatory system with a
heart circulating hemolymph in open spaces
around the organs
* Exception: octopuses and squid have a closed
circulatory system
* They have three hearts: two that move blood
through the gills and a third that pumps blood
through the rest of the body

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8
Q

what are the cephalopod special characteristics

A
  • Females of some species care for eggs for extended period of time
  • can move by fast jet propulsion due to mantle cavity contraction
  • have complex eyes allowing stereoscopic vision
  • have mollusk feets which developed into tentacles
  • tentacles have suckers on them in octopus and squid
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9
Q

What are annelids? Provide examples.

A

are segmented worms found in marine, terrestial and freshwater habitats
- phylum includes earthworms, polychaete worms and leeches
- bilaterally symmetrical and have a worm - like appearance

EXAMPLES:Earthworm
* Leech
* Branchiobdellida, which live inside freshwater
crayfish and feed on algae

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10
Q

what is metamerism?

A

segmented body plan with repetition of internal and external features in each body segment

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11
Q

What are characteristics of annelid physiology?

A
  • complete digestive system with specialized organs: mouth, muscular, pharynx, esophagus and crop
  • well developed nervous system with two ventral nerve cords and a nerve ring around the pharynx
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12
Q

What is pharynx

A

passage leading from “mouth” to gut

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13
Q

what are echinoderms? Provide examples.

A
  • Includes sea stars and sand dollars
  • exclusively marine
  • may have pigment cells, giving them vivid colours
  • may have cells filled with toxins ( warning to predators that they are poisonous and can’t be eaten)
  • can regenerate themselves

EXAMPLES:
*sea stars (aka
starfish)
* brittle stars
* sea urchins and sand
dollars
* sea lilies or feather
stars
* sea cucumbers

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14
Q

What are characteristics of echinoderm water vascular system?

A
  • unique system for gas exchange, nutrient, circulation and locomotion which allows them to circulate oxygen
  • a central ring canal and radial canals extending along each arm
  • water circulates allowing for gas, nutrient and waste exchange
    -provide for different cells for gas/nutrients exchange
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15
Q

What does the echinoderm tube feet do?

A

” Tube feet” may be expanded or contracted using the hydrostatic pressure in the system
- have slow movement, but a great deal of power
- tube feet can latch on to opposite halves of a clam, and slowly pull the shells apart exposing the flesh within

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16
Q

What are the four key features that appear at some stage of their development

A
  • notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post and tail
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17
Q

what is the definition of notochord?

A

flexible, rod shaped structure found in the embyronic stage of all chordates and in the adult stage of some chordates ( located between digestive tube and the nerve cord)

  • provides skeletal support through the length of the body
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18
Q

What does the chordate dorsal hollow nerve cord do?

A

Derived from ectoderm beneath the surface of the skin that rolls into a hollow tube during development

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19
Q

what does the chordate pharygeal slits do

A

openings in the pharynx just behind the mouth that extend to the outside environment

  • invertebrate chordates use the pharygeal slits to filter food from the water that enters the mouth
  • in jawed fish it become a jaw support
  • in fishes, is modified into gill support
  • in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals slits are modified into components of the ear and tonsils
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20
Q

What does the chordate post- anal tail do?

A

is a posterior elongation of the body extending beyond the anus
- tail contains skeletal elements and muscles

  • helps with locomotion in aquatic species
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21
Q

what are invertebrate chordates?

A

chordates without backbones

tunicates and lancelets
* Lancelets
* Very small suspension
feeders
* usually found buried in
sand at the bottom of
warm temperate and
tropical sea

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22
Q

what are tunicates?

A

are sessile suspension feeders living in shallow ocean waters

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23
Q

what are vertebrates?

A

chordates with backbones

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24
Q

what are hagfishes?

A

eel-like scavengers
- have skull but no vertrebral column
- considered basal vertebrate
-living hagfish very similar to fossil from millions of years ago

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25
Q

What are lampreys?

A
  • have a brain case and incomplete vertebrate who lack bones
  • some of the species are parasitic and feed on body fluids of fish; most are free-living and live primarily in coasta and fresh waters in temperate regions
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26
Q

What is a jaw?

A

A hinged structure attached to the cranium that allows an animal to grasp and tear its food. It allows fish to exploit food resources that were unavailable to jawless fishes

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27
Q

what is the definition of cartilaginous fish?

A

sharks, rays, skates, sawfishes, ghost sharks

  • they have paired fins and a skeleton made of cartilage, live in marine habitats
  • most sharks are carnivores who feed on live prey, either by swallowing or using their jaws/teeths to tear it in to pieces
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28
Q

what is the definition of bony fish?

A

tuna, bass, trout, salmon, lungfishes, coelacanth

29
Q

what are characteristics of rays and skates?

A
  • found in marine environments, lives on ocean floors and have cartilaganeous skeleton like sharks
30
Q

what are characteristics of sharks?

A
  • have well developed sense organs that aid them in locating prey
  • can detect movement and vibration in surrounding water using lateral line
  • has electroreception
  • are able to detect electromagnetic fields that are produced by all living things including prey
31
Q

What are characteristics of bony fish?

A
  • has a bony skeleton
  • a very large number of species, making it the largest living vertebrate class
  • have a lateral line like sharks
  • have taste cells in head/trunk, allowing them to detect small concentrations in water
32
Q

what is the definition of swim bladder?

A

a gas-filled organ that helps to control the buoyancy of the fish

33
Q

What are amphibians? Provide examples.

A

Vertebrates with four limbs, have moist permeable skin which allows O2/ Co2 exchange with the environment and some have a sticky tongue which is used to capture prey

EXAMPLES:

“tailed-ones”: salamanders and newts
* “tail-less ones”: frogs and toads
* “legless ones”: caecilians

34
Q

What are characteristics of tailed- ones salamander?

A

some are aquatic, and some terrestial. They have four limbs and a tail. Lay eggs. Some are lungless; respiration occurs through the skin or external gills

35
Q

Tail - less ones: Frogs

A
  • very diverse group of amphibians, are four limbs and no tail as adults. they lay eggs
36
Q

Frogs

A
  • body plan specialized for land movement
  • can jump many times their body length
  • have modifications that allow them to avoid predators
  • camouflaged skin
  • poisonous defensive chemicals secreted from skin glands
37
Q

Legless ones: caecillians

A

They lack external limbs and resemble giant earthworms, inhabit soil in the tropics and have a soil burrowing lifestyle and are nearly blind. Most give birth to young offsprings and not eggs

38
Q

reptiles,birds and mammals

A
  • are all amniotes
  • are different from amphibians due to their eggs having shells or an embryo protected by amniotic membranes
  • membranes of the amniotic egg allowed for gas exchange and waste sequestering within the eggshell
39
Q

What are amniote characteristics

A

Bird eggs, reptile eggs and mammals

40
Q

what are bird eggs?

A

have shells composed of calcium carbonate that are hard and brittle, with pores for gas and water exchange

41
Q

what are reptile eggs?

A

shells that are leathery and pliable

42
Q

what are mammals

A

most mammals do not lay eggs but have amniotic membranes in internal gestation

43
Q

what are the characteristics of reptiles?

A
  • 4 limbs
  • lay shelled eggs on land
  • have scaly skin to prevent dehydration
  • breathes through lungs
  • conserve body water by excreting nitrogen as uric acid paste
44
Q

What is ecotherms?

A

main source of body heat comes from environment

45
Q

crocodilia

A

live throughout tropics, found in freshwater habitats, spend most of their time in water , some can move on land due to semi erect posture

46
Q

lizards

A

have four limbs, eyelids and external ears

47
Q

snakes

A

do not have four limbs, eyelids and external ears
- are found on every continent but antarctica
- all are carnivorous and eat small animals

48
Q

turtles

A

have a bony or cartilaginous shell
- very old - evolved before lizards, crocodiles and snakes

  • Turtles live in the seas
  • tortoise live on land
  • terrapins live in fresh water
49
Q

birds

A

have several feather types specialized for different functions which are used for flight and temperature regulation

50
Q

what is the definition of endothermic?

A

generate their own body heath through metabolic processes

51
Q

what is the definition of feather

A

modified reptillian scales

52
Q

what is pneumatic bones

A

hollow bones with air inside
- are fused vertebral skeleton and braincase to increase structural support

53
Q

Mammals

A

vertebrates that have hair and mammary glands used to provide nutrition for their young

  • hair provides insulation, protective, colourization and sensory information
54
Q

what is the definition of sebaceous glands?

A

secrete sebum onto the hair and skin for water resistance/lubrications

55
Q

what is the difference between sudoriferous glands and mammary glands?

A

SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS: produce sweat/scent used in thermoregulation and communication

MAMMORY GLANDS: produce milk that is used to feed newborns, some male lack these

56
Q

What is Heterodent teeth?

A

teeth with different shapes and sizes that allow them to eat different foods

57
Q

what is the definition of incisors and canines?

A

cutting and tearing

58
Q

what is the definition premolars and molars

A

crushing and grinding

59
Q

what are the three types of mammals?

A

monotremes, marsupials and placental mammals

60
Q

what are monotremes?

A

platypus, spiny anteaters

61
Q

what are marsupials?

A

kangaroo , koala and bandicot

62
Q

What are placental mammals?

A

rats, bears, bats, whales, dogs, primates, humans, many more

63
Q

what are characteristics monotremes?

A
  • live in australia and New guinea
  • the only mammals that lay eggs
  • lay leathery eggs, like reptiles, rather than giving birth to live young
  • eggs kept within the mother’s reproductive tract until they are ready to hatch
  • when young hatch, female secretes milk
  • like other mammals are endothermic but have lower body temperature
  • like reptiles, have one posterior opening for urinary/fecal/reproductive products,rather than 3 openings like placental mammals
64
Q

What are characteristics of marsupials?

A

most species have a pouch where offspring reside after birth
- in pouch, young receive milk and continue to develop
- young are born much less developed than in placental mammals
- are found mostly in Australia and nearby islands

65
Q

What are characteristics of placental mammals

A
  • the most widespread of the mammals, spread throughout the world
  • all species have a complex placenta, that connects a fetus to the mother, allowing for gas, fluid, waste and nutrient exchange
66
Q

What are the two main groups in order primates?

A

strepsirhines and haplorhines

67
Q

What is the difference between strepsirhines and haplorines

A

STREPSIRHINES: nocturnal, smaller size, smaller brains, more likely to be solitary, greater reliance on sense of smell

HAPLORINES: dilurnal, larger size, larger brains, more likely to be group - living, greater reliance on vision

68
Q

What is the definition of taxonomy?

A

biological field that specializes in delineating the rules of classification, including naming and categorizing organisms

biology test 2 (7 decks)

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