Diversity - Occupation Flashcards
What is a discourse community?
A group of people who use specalist lexis and discourse, they communicate internally using more than one method of communication and posses the knowlege to participate in the DC
What is occupational discourse?
Insider language
What features would you find in high register occupational lexis?
Specalist lexis
Specalised semantics
What features would be found in low register occupational lexis?
Codes
Insider Jargon (e.g acronym’s)
What two parts did Hasan (1985) split service encounters into?
Obligatory Elements
Optional Elements
What did Hasan (1985) claim was the nature of service encounters?
He said they were transactional (e.g goal orientated)
What are the optional elements of a service encounter? (Hasan 1985)
Greetings, sales enquiry and leaving talking
What did Leinder claim was the use of styling?
She claimed styling was required in some occupations to build relationships with the customers (e.g hairdressing)
What is styling? (Leidner)
It is small talk that helps build relationships
What were the 3 types of power Wareing highlighted? (Occuptation)
Political - held by people in authority
Personal - based on occuptional and socital role (e.g manger is higher up)
Social - factors such as class, race, gender age
What two parts did Ive’s and Rana divide power into?
Instrumental and influential power
Who has intstremental power?
Those with ‘real’ social or occupational power (e.g employers, managers , Dr’s)
What purpose does language have for people with instrumental power?
It is used to maintain or inforce their authority
Who has influential power? (Ive’s and Rana)
People who’s power is persauding you (e.g sales men)
What features of languge might someone with instrumental power use? (Ive’s and Rana]
Formal register
Modal verbs
Declaritives
Imperatives
Interogatives
What features of language might be used by someone with Influental power?
Opinions as facts
Metaphors
Emotive language
What is asymmetrical discourse?
When one party has more power than the other
What did Drew and Heritage (1993) find about asymmetrical discourse in the work place?
He found assymetrical discourse between bosses and workers
How will someone with power try to control the discourse? (asymmetrical discourse) (occupation)
Asking more questions
Controlling the topics
Controlling who speaks and when
Using less formal terms of adress for those less powerful than them
How will someone with less power try to resist the powerful persons attempt to control the conversation (asymmetrical discourse)
Silence
Minimal responses
Attempting to keep their turn
Why did people with instrumental power use synthetic personalisation, according to Fairclough? (1989)
They claimed that it allowed them to create a feeling of friendleness and to reinforce their power
What did Brown and Levinson’s politeness in the workplace study find?
That all in the workplace used politeness however it was split into positive face and negative face
Why was postive face politness used? (Brown and Levinson)
To make workers fell good
To come across as friendly
Why was negative face politness used? (Brown and Levinson)
To applogise
To be indirect
Hedging to be less assertive
What did Holmes find in her study into small talk in the workplace? (NZ)
She said managers used it carefully to create good relationships with their staff, whilst controlling it so it did not overtake work talk
How is power increasingly being exerted according to N.g and Braddac?
In covert ways (e.g small talk, positive face politness)
What does the shift from titles in the modern workplace suggest?
That mertocratic views have been accepted overtime
What are inferential frameworks? (Drew and Heritage)
Where knowledge is built up over time and used in order to understand implicit meanings
E.g members of a discourse community will share the same frameworks , Dr’s, nurses etc
Who is associated with assymetical discourse?
Drew and Heritage
