Diversity - Gender Flashcards
(Deficit) What did Robin Lakoff say about women’s language use ? (give examples)
That women’s language is made weaker by the patriarchal society
She said that women are indirect and lack certainty in their language use (commands and requests) , this weakens their language use
Tag questions
They use Hedging ( sort of, kind of, it seems like ) to soften statements
(Defcit) What does Jepersen say about women’s language use and what is the reason why?
He said women’s vocabulary Is less extensive than men, this is because the development of new words has been for men
(Dominance) What did Zimmerman and West write about regarding male and female conversations?
They found that during same-sex conversations interruption was incredibly uncommon. However in mixed-sex conversation 96% of interruptions were preformed by males
(Diversity) What does Camroen argue about differences in language using Beatties findings?
We ignore statistics such as the findings of Beatties work as we want to see a difference in Male and Female speech
(Dominance) What does Spender argue about the way males use language?
Spender argues that males use language to keep power by use of words such as “bachelor” for a single man and “spinster” for a single woman. Both portraying very different connotations
What type of theory is Fishmans work a counter to?
It Is a counter to deficit theory
(Counter to deficit) Why is the reason Fishman gives for conversions between men and women falling?
Because men don’t respond properly or simply don’t respond at all
(Dominance) (Counter to deficit) What did Fishman find about male and female conversations?
Women try harder to continue conversations with questions (ex: don’t you think?)
known as ‘ conversational shit work’
Men speak for twice as long as women
(Difference) What did Tannen find about the difference in the way men and women use language in her study “you just don’t understand” (1990)
Men and Women speak two completely different genderlects
Men use language to gain status, and independence, give advice and information, give orders and for conflict
Women use language to gain support, intimacy, to understand, portray feelings give proposals and for compromising
(Difference) who’s theory of hypercorrectness does Trugils work connect with?
Robin Lakoffs
(Difference) What does Trudgil say about male and female use of language?
Women use the prestige pronunciation of words more often than men and overestimate their use of RP
Men use language to convey prestige, to appear tough or down-to-earth so underestimate their use of RP
Women have to work incredibly hard to be taken seriously so use standard English to not sound inferior in any way (hypercorrectness)
(Diversity) What does Cameron write about the difference between male and females use of language in her study “the myth of Mars and Venus” ?
That difference is a “folk belief”
any difference is down to how we as individuals spend our time as that’s what influences our language used
Claimed that any findings apart from that support a difference due to gender demonstrate prejudice in society
What does biology say about the difference in male and female speech?
Men on average have a voice twice as deep as women , this is due to their larger Adams apple and longer vocal cords
What did Graddol and Swan (1983) find in their research involving biology?
That women use the higher range of their biological pitch
Men use the lower ranger of their biological pitch
What was the reasoning behind the use of each gender’s vocal pitch according to Graddol and Swan (1983)?
Men used lower pitches as a high pitch in men is seen as feminine/gay
A lower pitch in women is seen as masculine so is avoided
