Diverse Places Flashcards
How do demographic/cultural changes affect identity?
- Changes perception of the area, so the meaning of the place and, therefore, people’s identity changes
- Place becomes unfamiliar and identity may feel less secure
Belfast economy and international/global influences
Ship building port but moved with global shift to Asia
Influences -Japanese/S Korean competition for factories
Urban development corps set up to redevelop industrial areas but not Belfast
Large increase in migration
Slower consumer spending with London competition
Rural-urban continuum structure
More accessible = more dense
- Has population of young families and working age people
- More children means they’ll live further out as it’ll be a bit cheaper than the main city
Less accessible = more elderly
- Top heavy population pyramid
Suburbanised village means people live in the village but commute to the city
Green belt - the urban sprawl (spread) wasn’t controlled, so less countryside and greenery. Therefore, not allowed to build on green belt land around big cities
Villages on major roads are more attractive (accessibility), so remote villages have little change
Population structure due to accessibility, physical, historical and planning
- Young people move away for uni/work/social opportunities means an echo with fewer children born
- Retirees like coast for views, lifestyle, cheaper properties
- Some towns preserve culture and UNESCO World Heritage Site of Causeway Coast
- Developers target older market, Causeway Coast limits planning but space for large house
Population structure due to fertility
Expect high average family size in youthful populations, but attitudes and family values have changed over time
Stereotype of urban areas having high growth, but not always applicable as they can be in decline
UK population structure (1800s to 2000s)
- 1800s, youthful population w high fertility rates, so natural increase + low elderly due to low life expectancy
- 2001-2011: more 40/50 year olds from 1950 baby boom then undercut by low birth rates + flat topped by ageing population
Where is there higher variation in population ethnicity?
Most diversity in cities (esp London) due to job opportunities and services
Variation in settlements
Might be similar but different part (N,S,E,W) can be quite different
How do population characteristics vary between settlements?
- Can have many differences as people move to certain areas
- Negative clustering: poor immigrants, racial tensions etc.
- Positive clustering: near people who can help to settle in, family is there etc.
How do population characteristics vary between urban and rural settlements?
- Urban have younger population and more diversity due to jobs, housing, education + services
- Rural areas have low population/threshold
- They attract certain types of people e.g. elderly, wealthy
How are levels of cultural diversity in places affected by time?
The longer minorities live in a place, the less segregated they become
How does social clustering affect cultural diversity?
- Clustering forced or chosen?, forced through exclusion means segregation
- Move to places with similar ethnicities or speak same languages
- If chosen, lack of diversity as others feel they cannot fit in
How do clustering and segregation affect population characteristics?
- People want to keep culture together and not be influenced by other world views
- Bigger communities of same ethnicity means that their needs are being met, such as specialist shops
- Need to look at variation between places, but also over time
- Government has to address overly segregated communities, as it leads to minorities feeling threatened, and disadvantaged
How does demographic change impact identity?
- Higher population density means new people/change, so residents feel threatened
- Resentment due to long waiting times and change in catchment areas
How does cultural change impact identity?
- New languages, customs, shops etc. means migrants feel at ease but LT residents alienated
- Or could be welcoming with chance to enrich their identity
- Younger population less concerned with change
How does decline impact identity?
Shops, schools etc closing, removing community structures that give a place and the people their identity e.g. rural North Antrim
Rural tranquility and natural landscapes
Sought after environment to live in
Looks very nice, but unaware of difficulties
What are the objections to the idyll?
- High housing costs, but low wages
- Older, LT residents realise change is necessary, as community aged and traditional employment declined
- Recent retired arrivals may want to preserve a long gone way of life
- Ethnic groups may be small and have varied reasons for choosing to live in the rural area
How are rural locations undesirable and what are the social tensions
- Very costly to buy/rent housing esp with large gardens and high fuel costs
- Demand from second home owners increases prices
- Tensions with farmers, second homeowners, noise, tourism, pollution etc.
Rural remoteness, lack of services, transport costs and population characteristics
- Away from friends/family and elderly socialisation is increasingly difficult
- Long distance limits access to services and low usage limits threshold viability
- Public transport not viable, so depend on cars and those without feel isolated
- Lack of ethnic diversity, so less attractive to minorities (treated differently and feel uncomfortable due to no understanding)
- Need to be affluent w gradual erosion of services/transport/activities
Very remote villages
- Down small roads with no major links
- Lack of public transport e.g. Dervock
- Push factors cause depopulation, leads to spiral of decline
Retirement villages (not towns)
Can be honeypot locations
Rural, good QoL, often coastal as it’s attractive
Less accessible + less interested in transport links
Working age people for tourism jobs
Commuter villages
- Accessible with major roads and railway lines
- Result of suburbanisation + leaving urban problems
- Best of both: natural env but also job opportunities
- Mainly for middle class, can afford decent QoL
What are the reasons international migrants choose rural areas?
- High wages compared to home country
- EU labour laws
Social challenges of international migrants in rural areas
- Create tension and division w perceived threat of noise, pollution and different culture
- Some don’t speak English, pressure on services, job competition
- Send remittances back home, so doesn’t go back into local economy
Social opportunities of international migrants in rural areas
- Provide a much needed workforce in areas where farming is prevalent
- Bring social vitality to an ageing population in remote areas
- Increase in taxes and may reach threshold population
Measures of income/employment to assess management (both relative and absolute changes)
Employment type + rate, household income, minimum wage, social benefits
Relative - in comparison
Absolute - facts at face value
What are social progress and demographic changes between and within areas?
- Improvement of social, political and economic structures that people coexist with (naturally or human action)
- Rate of population change, migration, age structure, ethnic mix, family size
- Can be better overall but have inequality within
How different demographic and ethnic groups view rural living spaces
Have overall aim to protect heritage that often helps with tourism
Dependent on agriculture, so diversification will benefit all groups
Housing in short supply, young adults with low income cant afford it despite it being cheaper than urban areas, second homeowners drive up prices
Impact of national + local strategies on a rural area
- Overcome barriers: environmental conservation, services, infrastructure and affordable housing
- Lots of rural still depend on agriculture, structural problem as low income economy
- Low pricing for food = low profit, so need for diversification
- Use land and resources in different ways
Urban perception (in general)
Made up of pictures, imagination, quality of memory and experience
Change over time with global/local change
Different views depending on the person (positive or negative)
How are urban areas perceived as undesirable or threatening?
- Undesirable: high cost of living with housing/essentials/bills, poor infrastructure e.g. sewage, shipping industry collapse
- Threatening: in migration caused job competition
Urban perception due to high crime, low environmental quality and population characteristics
Crime - caused by poor education + few employment opps, many without formal qualifications
Environment - poor housing + pollution and noise + light
Population- high segregation + discrimination levels or integration w secure employment and more affluence
What is the suburban population like?
- Lots of families
- Have children, so want residential space with good schools
- Need shops and use transport to get to inner city
- Suburbs have deteriorated, so not as desirable as we think (older housing was built in 30s/50s)
What is inner-city population like?
- Recent graduates who moved out of family housing and need cheap housing
- Don’t want suburban boredom
- Lots of gentrification/regeneration in London followed by econ investment, so socio-economic statuses improved
Life cycle stages
- Pre-reproductive (close to work/uni + friends) so try to live in inner city, so they’re close to jobs, leisure and city lifestyle
- Reproductive get married and have children, so move to areas w large cheap housing that tends to be suburbs (but close to city for work)
- Post-reproductive live in rural areas/retirement villages
- An individual moves through these stages, affecting demography
How culture and society has changed in UK (colonial immigration)
- Indians around Southall, building small shops/restaurants and Caribbeans working in public transport post-war
- Poorly paid jobs in deprived parts of London
- 1970s, resentment towards BAME, poor policing, gang growth and Brixton Riots
Former colonial international migration flows (and EU)
Labour needed to repair post-war damage
Act of Parliament created free entry
First ship was MV Windrush to Brixton and 3 million arrived
A8 migration from newly joined EU countries
EU 2004 free migration, 2008 points based system
Segregation related to economic indicators
Discrimination in job market, so forced into areas with cheaper housing
Discrimination by estate agents, private landlord etc.
Segregation related to social indicators
Health - discrimination e.g. downplaying symptoms
Crime - racial profiling by police
Education - stereotyping like in Mile End
Experiences/perceptions of living spaces over generations
First/second/third gen migrants assimilate better because formative years are spent in the host country and they can mix with people of other backgrounds
More exposed to language so intermarriage rates increase as you move through the generations
Communities evolving economically and culturally
First generation had poor housing/low income jobs but this changed throughout the years
Most suburbs are mostly white, but increasingly less so
Language acquisition indirectly links to isolation levels and therefore segregation
How land use change creates challenges for locals and the lived experience (Tottenham)
Loss of traditional businesses and Afro-Caribbean churches closing with ethnic change
Priority of profits for a TNC creates costs for locals e.g. expensive housing provision
National Government’s Prevent strategy tries to reduce risk of terrorism but over focuses on Islam, alienating people they’re trying to engage with
Local govmt funding for youth centres has been cut
How land use change creates opportunities for locals and the lived experience (Tottenham)
£28 million investment
Peacock Industrial Estate created 5,000 new jobs
10,000 new homes around Tottenham Hale
New design companies take apprentices from local schools
Frequent tensions over diverse living spaces (Dewsbury)
The more different the groups, the greater the tension, due to change
Discrimination and racist attitudes can persist, creating aggression/tensions
Tensions between LT residents and in-migrants
White flight means perception of tension may not be there
Remote/rural areas have few in-migrants so experience little change
Types of buildings and names of company reveals the services for the dominantly muslim town
Wealthy migrants invest in housing, prices rise, causing resentment
Other areas, migrants create job competition therefore poverty/resentment
Benefits due to change in built environment
Building mega mosque for Syrian refugees (40,000) who stay to study at uni
Minority community will feel more comfortable around people of the same faith
Hostility due to change in the built environment
Hungary is very against immigrants - 60% are resentful of foreign immigrants and nationalists are worried about lack of free speech
The government has clearly been against refugees - depriving Muslim refugees of food, legal representation etc., train station became a refugee camp as Hungary will not provide accommodation
Government’s messaging encourages hate crimes
Soros (Hungarian millionaire) said Europe should take in 1 million asylum seekers, and Orban retaliated by campaigning to ‘Stop Soros’.
Assimilation measured by political engagement
Not voting may be a sign they feel they don’t fit in and are not assimilating/not part of local community groups - social integration
Low turnout or lack of desire to participate as don’t feel listened to
Lack representation in parliament
How do they vote?
Identity politics and assimilation
- Identity politics - getting special treatment to be protected
- Historically harmed groups want their rights protected so it’s more equal, doesn’t mean other groups have fewer rights
- Some believe its gone too far as it affects other people’s rights and that political correctness gone too far
How to measure assimilation through development of local community and reduced hate crime/racism
- Physical manifestations of views (artefacts)
- Talk to companies about employment practice (look at diversity in job market)
Look at different aspects e.g. map distribution or demographic (expect good mix of people across an area) - Increase in mixed marriages makes it seem they’re more collectively part of society
Income variation? Difficult as migrants move to more developed countries so have lower income, so racial or poor migrant and harder to enter job market?
Education - same opportunities and grades with those of diff backgrounds, so integrated
Express issues of hate crime? Brexit caused spread in hate crimes against minorities. Adopting language confidently?
Managing change in urban areas judged economically
Economic strategies and creating jobs, wealth and opportunities as well as social strategies to reduce segregation and provide affordable housing should help reduce ethnic tension and division
Young people integrate better than other age groups as they have better access to jobs and opportunities elsewhere in London
How is management of change in urban areas judged socially?
- Interaction leads to less tension
- Distrust occurs through social exclusion and segregation
- Young people are more changeable/formative years
- Learn by trusting what you’re told, as they have less knowledge and info
- That’s why Aik Saath is needed to challenge this and have a positive impact
- Provide opportunities for having young people talk to each other, more personal
- Economic strategies need to go hand in hand with social strategies
How is managing change in urban areas judged demographically?
- Possible issue of white flight
- Easier to work with children through school and community plus they have more time
- Young people can be involved in resolving conflict
- Tensions being resolved is hard to measure, as it is not objective
Aik Saath success
- All are above 80% for remembering what was taught, and then almost all of them stay above 70%
- Teaching Year 4s about diversity, responsibility, respect etc.
- However, they are in year 4, so in LT may not remember and could be less effective, so maybe educating children a few years older would be better
- Need to be more often to sustain impact and reach a wider audience - also need larger scale
- Changing perceptions may not change reality
- A testimony showed that the interactivity of the discussions worked well, which the data supports
How does accessibility to key cities affect cultural diversity?
- Allows commuting
- Immigrant can buy cheaper housing further away
How do physical factors affect cultural diversity?
- Lower value e.g. pollution
- Attracts lower income people, who tend to be minorities
How does gov planning policy affect cultural diversity?
- Challenge social segregation by making it accessible/affordable for all
- Gov suppress diversity w rules/restrictions on immigration e.g. points based system
