Divergence and selection Flashcards
What’s the rate of substitution equation
λ = 2Nu × 1/(2N) = u
What does the rate of accumulation of new substitutions per generation depend on
The neutral mutation rate and independent of the population size
How do you estimate divergence (K)
K = D/ L
L: total number of sites
D: the total number of differences
What is K
The expected number of substituions per site between two homologous DNA sequences from two species
What is K proportional to
Mutation rate
What does the neutral theory predict
That the rate of molecular ecolution should be constant over time
What is a pseudogene
A gene that has been rendered non-functional by mutations that prevents its expression
What are the characteristics of a mitochondrial genome
Circular, double stranded DNA
15-17Kb in length
13 protein coding genes, 2RNA genes and 22 trna genes
Whats thge generation time effect hypothesis
Errors in DNA replication in germ line cells is a major source of mutation. It predicts a higher mutation rate per time unit in species with a shorter generation time
What does Ka stand for
The number of nonsynonymous substitutions per nonsynonymous site
What does Ks stand for
The number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site
What is Tripartite motif protein isoform 5 alpha
An innate immune strategy, primate genomes encode for defending themselves against retroviruses
