Causes and consequences of diversity Flashcards
How is diversity maintained
Mutation, sex, ploidy, balancing selection (heterozygote advantage and frequency dependant selection)
What do germ line mutations include
Point mutations such as insertion, substitution, deletion and inversion
What are synonymous/ silent mutations
Point mutations that don’t lead to change
What are Non-synonymous mutations
Mutations that lead to change, including missense, nonsense and frame shift
What do missense mutations do
changes a single amino acid in a protein
What do nonsense mutations do
Produce premature stop codons
What do frame shift mutations do
Shifts the number of base pairs
What is sickle cell amenia caused by
Single base change
What are large scale structural mutations
Large parts of the chromosome deleted or moved around
Example of inversion mutations
Wading birds and their different male morphs: Independence, satellite and faeder
What do mutation rates depend on
The type of mutation, the genome and the species
Do male or females have a higher mutation rate
Males due to more germ lines and cell divisions
What’s independent assortment
Sexual reproduction mixes the DNA from two haploid gametes to produce diploid offspring
Whats random fertilisation
Any sperm can fertilise any egg
What is crossing over
Flailing chromosomes exchnage genetic material between the chromosome pairs
