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Pathology Final > Disturbances of Growth > Flashcards

Disturbances of Growth Flashcards

1
Q

hamartoma

A

benign tumor-like mass = overgrowth of differentiated cells & tissues that are normally present in affected location
“development” NOT “neoplastic”

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2
Q

characteristics of neoplasms

A

irreversible

1) tumor cells = increased capacity to survive & reproduce
- -preservation of telomeres

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3
Q

malignant tumors

A

1) carinoma
- -epithelial & glandular tissue
2) sarcoma
- -mesenchymal
- -young age 90% =

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4
Q

Teratoma

A 
derived from germ cells & *totipotential cells*
**most arise in gonads
Ex: benign ovarian dermoid cyst
testicular teratocarcinoma
"parasitic twin"
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5
Q

spread & metastatses of tumors

A
  • -symptomatic metastases = 30%

- -occult metastases = 20%

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6
Q

routes of spread –local tissue

easiest –> hardest to infiltrate

A

1) loose CT
2) dense CT
3) elastic
4) cartilage

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7
Q

local conditions at secondary site

A

tumor cell “homing” & “favorable soil hypothesis”

1) adequacy of blood supply & nutrients
2) mutual compatibility btwn tumor surface & endothelium
3) microenvironmental factors fav tumor survival

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8
Q

common locations for metastasis

A

1) lymph nodes
- -L supraclavicular node “virchow’s” = visceral cancer -> thoracic duct.
- -breast cancer –> axillary nodes
2) liver
- -enspec GI & pancreas
3) lung
4) bone
- -breast, prostate, bone spread to here
5) CNS
- -LEAST common

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9
Q

uncommon sites for metastasis =

A

spleen & striated muscle

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10
Q

bone metastases general features

A

1) cancer cells are carried by circulation
2) destroy and replace bone
3) likely to form multiple lesions
(contracts w/ primary cancer = unifocal)

4) COMMON SITES = vertebrae// ribs// pelvis// sternum// proximal ends of long bones

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11
Q

one more time for fun…

what are the common sites for bone metastases

A 
vertebrae
ribs
pelvis
sternum
proximal long bones
(**remember things like to come to the middle!!)
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12
Q

types of osseous metastasis

A

osteolytics = typically degrade bone
(except multiple myeloma)
osteoplastics = increase bone

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13
Q

osteoLYTICS

A

most common bone cancer (radio-lucent)

  • -osteoclasts = degrade bone
  • -except multiple myeloma = increase bone
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14
Q

osteoPLASTICS

A

radio-dense
–prostate & breast cancer
clin features = hypercalcemia

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15
Q

most common sites for cancer

A 
M = prostate, lung, lower GI, urinary, leukemia
F = breast, lung, lower GI, uterus, leukemia
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16
Q

site of mortality of cancer

A 
M = lung, prostate, lower GI, leukemia, pancreas/urinary
F = lung, breast, lower GI, leukemia, ovary
17
Q

national incident of cancer =

A

combo of environmental, hereditary, and cultural factors

18
Q

which gender is more at risk for cancer?

A

males

19
Q

hereditary factors & cancer

A

inherited mutated genes = familial retinoblastoma & familial colon colyposis syndrom

  • -familial “clustering” of certain tumors associated w/ less well-defined genetic transmission
  • -defects in DNA repair = Xeroderma pigmentosum = skin cancer & familial non-polyposis colon carcinomes
20
Q

hormone abnormalities

A

increased estrogen = more likely for breast, and endometrium cancer
–hormone is not carcinogenic but is a promotor of growth

21
Q

leukoplakia =

A

white discoloration

–oral mucosa, female vulva

22
Q

keratosis =

A

scaly from too much sun

think keratinocytes are repopulating ;)

23
Q

atrophic gastritis

A

helicobacter pylori infection

24
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

increased risk of colon cancer

25
Q

cirrhosis contributes to

A

hepatic cancer

26
Q

alkylating agents

A 
directly mutagenic (conversion independent)
--destroy cancer cells by damaging DNA
27
Q

Human T-cell leukemia viruses

A

(HTLV-1 & HTLV-2)

  • -RNA virus
  • -common in japan and caribbean
28
Q

warning signs of cancer

A

1) change in bowel or bladder funx
2) sore that fails to heal
3) lump or thickening in breast
4) unusual bleeding
5) indigestion or difficulty swolling
6) obvious changes in wart or mole
7) nagging cough or hoarseness

29
Q

clinical manefestations of cancer

A

local & systemic

–systemic = ectopic hormone production in non-hormonal glands = paraneoplastic syndromes

30
Q

anti-tumor mech

A

1) cytotoxic T cells (require sensitization)
2) NK cells (do NOT require sensitization)
- -1st line of defense.
- -interleukins enhance NK & T cells
3) Activated macrophages
- -kill using oxygen-derived free radicles & cytokines

31
Q

complete remission of glial cells

A

inject patient w/ own “crippled” cancer cells by an “anti-sense” gene against the tumor’s growth factor

32
Q

staging (TMN)

A 
T= tumor size, shape, local spread...etc.
M= metastasis 
N= nodes
33
Q

lab diagnosis

A

Ig = light chains = elevated in multiple myeloma & B-cell tumors

34
Q

surgery

A

about 2/3rds of tumors qualify for surgery

–of those about 2/3rds are cured

35
Q

chemotherapy side affects

A
  • -damaging marrow, GI mucosa

- -procarbazine: depolymerizes DNA

Pathology Final (4 decks)

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