district exam :( Flashcards
ion
an atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons
cation
ion with a positive charge, metals, loses electrons
anion
an ion with a negative charge, gains electrons, nonmetals
octet rule
atoms lose, gain, or share valence electrons to have eight valence electrons in order to be stable
what charge does a zinc ion always have
2+
what charge does silver ion always have
1+
IUPAC
international union of pure and applied chemistry
what does IUPAC do
responsible for setting the standards for atomic mass values, measurements, nomenclature
monatomic ion
a single atom that gains or loses electrons
how do you name monatomic ions that are cations
-write the parent name then write ion
how do you name monatomic ions that are anions
write the parent name, add -ide then write ion
note for naming monatomic anions
you usually add the ide after the first syllable
when do you use the stock system
transition elements and group 14 because they form more than one cation
how do you use the stock system
write the name of the element, followed by a roman numeral to indicate charge
when do you NOT use stock system
for zinc or silver because they form one ion
chemical formula
abbreviation for substance or molecule with element symbols and substances in a definite ratio
binary ionic compounds
a compound that includes one cation and one anion (a metal and a non metal)
writing binary ionic compounds
write the symbol and charges for the metal and nonmetal. criss cross the charges, drop the sign and write each number as a subscript (except 1)
exception for writing binary ionic compounds
the charges will cancel if its a positive and negative of the same number. ex: Fe2+ S2- becomes FeS
naming binary ionic compounds
name the cation, name the anion and change the end to -ide, use stock system for transition metals
polyatomic ion
a charged group of two or more bonded atoms that are bonded together by a covalent bond
polyatomic compund
a compound that includes a cation and a polyatomic ion
what do parentheses do in a polyatomic compound
separate an ion and its subscript
writing polyatomic compounds
write the symbol for the cation and the polyatomic ion, criss cross the charges, drop the sign, write each number as a subscript. use parentheses
naming polyatomic compounds
name the cation and polyatomic ion, use the stock system for transition metals and group 14
covalent compound
a compound that consists of two nonmetals
no charges because electrons are shared
ionic compounds are
neutral
naming covalent compounds
use a prefix that indicated number of atoms present
do not use mono with the first element
if the second element has “ao” or “oo” drop the firt vowel
second word ends in ide
acid
a compound in which one or more H+ ions bond to a negative ion
naming acids without oxygen
- break the acid into H+ and its negative ion
- for the negative ion, drop the -ide and place the stem between hydro and ic
- add the word acid
acids without oxygen numonic
my ride has hydrolics
naming acids with oxygen (ate)
- break the acid into H+ and its polyatomic ion
- for the negative polyatomic ion, drop the -ate and add “ic”
- add the word acid
naming acids with oxyegn (ate) nummonic
I ate something icky
naming acids with oxygen (-ite)
- breal the acid into its H+ and its polyatomic ion
- for the negative polyatomic ion, drop teh -ite and add ous
- add the word acid
naming acids with oxyegn (-ite) nummonic
sprite is delicious
H3PO4
phosphoric acid
H3PO3
phosphorous acid
H2SO4
sulfuric acid
H2SO3
sulfurous acid
chemical bond
forces that hold atoms together
bonding pair
an electron pair that is shared
lone paire
an electron pair that is not shared
7
hepta
4
tetra
note for acids
the number of hydrogens is the charge of the anion
VSEPR
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
what does VSEPR do
model that predicts the geometry of a molecule considering electrons want to be far away from each other
single bond
one pair of shared electrons
double bond
two pairs of shared electrons
triple bond
three pairs of shared electrons
drawing VSEPR strucutres
- find number of electron pairs
- LEAST electronegative atom is the central atom
- draw the bonding pairs as lines to connect
- place pairs around outisde atoms
- place left over pairs around the central atom
electronegativity
increases from left to right
increases up
how to find number of electron pairs
count all VE
for polyatomic ions, add the charge for a negative ion, subtract the charge if the ion is positive
-divide total VE by 2
the shape it will be
trigonal pyramidal
areas of electron density/ electron domains/ dense electron zone
areas where there are pairs of electrons on the central aom
areas of electron density/electron domains/dense electron zones hat form bonds
here there are bonding pairs on the central atom l,
