Distinctive Landscapes Flashcards
Give 2 examples of Biological aspects of a landscape.
Vegetation and Wildlife
Give 2 examples of Human aspects of a landscape.
Buildings and Infrastructure
Give 2 examples of Physical/Natural aspects of a landscape.
Coastlines and Mountains
Give 2 examples of Variable aspects of a landscape.
Sounds and Storms
Give 2 soft engeneering techinques at the coast.
Beach nourishment and dune regeneration.
Give 3 types of rocks.
Sedimentary, Igneous and Metamorphic
Give 4 hard engineering techinques.
Groynes, Sea wall, Gabions, Rock armour
Give 4 soft engineering techniques to manage floods.
Afforestation, River restoration, Flood warnings, Flood plain zoning
Give the most and least resistant rocks in Britain.
Granite (most) and Clay (least).
Give the Pros and Cons of Beach Nourishment.
Pros: Blends in with beach, Cheap
Cons: Requires constant maintenance
Give the Pros and Cons of Dune regeneration.
Pros: Cheap, Good for the environment
Cons: Takes time, Can be damaged by storms.
Give the Pros and Cons of Gabions.
Pros: Very cheap
Cons: Can be washed away or broken, May cause abrasion.
Give the Pros and Cons of groynes.
Pros: Bigger beach for more tourists, useful for fishermen
Cons: Increases erosion further downstream, Unattractive
Give the Pros and Cons of Rock Armours.
Pros: Cheap and esy to maintain, Efficient
Cons: Dangerous and unattractive, Obtrusive
Give the Pros and Cons of sea wall.
Pros: Effective, Can protect against coastal flooding
Cons: Expenisive, Unnatural
How are beaches formed?
When the swash is stronger than the backwash, depostition occurs and a beach is formed.
How are gorges created?
when the plungepool cuts backwards under the hard rock, the overhang falls and the waterfall moves backwards. After many centuries, the path the waterafll has taken backwards can be seen in the gorge.
How are igneous rocks created?
by the cooling and hardening of magma and lava
How are metamorphic rocks created?
when sedimentary or igneous rocks are put under intense heat and pressure.
How are sedimentary rocks created?
by deposition of organsims and sediment that is then pressurised
How are v-shaped valleys formed?
The river is coming from a steep gradient (high in the mountains) so there is a lot of gravity which helps the water erode downwards. Eventually the river erodes so far down, that the material on the side slides down, making a v-shaped valley.
How are waterfalls created?
There is hard rock and soft rock underneath the river. The soft rock erodes much more quickly causing the river to flow downwards. Eventually, so much soft rock has been eroded, you can see a waterfall.
How do dune regeneration protect the coastline?
The plants prevent some erosion and their roots hold the land together.
How do gabions protect the coastline?
The rocks prevent a lotof the force of the water hitting the cliff.
How do groynes protect the coastline?
they are built at right angles to the beach to prevent longshore drift and the transport of materials.
How do headlands and bays form?
Through hydraulic action and abrasion, the less resistant rock erodes faster forming bays and the more resistant rock become headlands.
How does beach nourishment protect the coastline?
this makes the beach higer or wider by importing more sand.
How does biological weathering work?
a seed falls into a crack in a rock.
the seed grows andits roots expand into the rock.
The roots force the crack to widen and the rock splits.
How does chemical weathering work?
Rain which is a weak acid, falls on rocks.
It eats into the rock.
The rock crumbles at the surface.
How does longshore drift work?
waves come into the coast at an angle (swash) due to wind direction.
they go back perpendicularly to the coast (backwash).
The waves carry sediment in this zig-zag motion along the coast.
How does Mechanical weathering work?
Water gets into a crack in a rock.
The water freezes and expands.
Repeated freezing and thawing makes the rock split.
How does rock armour protect the coastline?
Large boulders are placed along the coastline to absorb wave energy.
How does the sea wall protect the coastline?
It is built along the sea front to protect cliffs and/or infrastructure.
How is a salt marsh formed?
mud, silt and other material are deposited along a sheltered part of the coastline due to the lack of energy in the waves.
How is a spit formed?
Longshore drift causes material along the bay to be eroded and deposited at the far side of the headland.
How is a stump formed?
1) waves erode faults in the headlands, slowly forming a cave.
2) the waves eventually erode through the headland, creating an arch.
3) the arch becomes unsupported, collapses and becomes a stack.
4) After further erosion, a stump is formed from the collapsed stack.
How is a wave cut platform created?
A wave cut notch is created at the base of the cliff by erosion.
It gets eroded further under the cliff.
The cliff overhang falls and the cliff retreats.
The fallen sediment makes the wave cut platform.
Water below ground in the _____remains frozen throughout the year (_____). Rivers flowed ______ the surface of the _____ to form a ______.
chalk, permafrost, over, chalk, valley
After the _____ _____ the ______ thaws out and the chalk becomes ______ again. Rainwater _____ into the chalk and no longer flows over the _____. The______ disappears leaving a dry ______ on the surface.
ice age, permafrost, permeable, percolates, surface, river, valley
What are 4 hard engeneering methods used to prevent floods?
Dams and resevoirs, embankment, flood relief channel, river straightening.
What are 4 methods of transportation in a river
Traction, Saltation, Suspension, Solution
What are Landscapes?
The visible features that make up the surface of the land.
What are the 3 types of weathering?
Biological, Mechanical and Chemical
What are the 4 elements of a landscape?
Natural/physical, Biological, Human, Variables
What are the 4 types of erosion?
Hydraulic action, Abrasion, Solution and attrition
What are the 4 types of mass movement at the coast.
Rockfall, Mudflow, Landslide and Rotational Slip.
What are the pros and cons of afforestation?
Pros: holds soil together and increases interception
Cons: takes a long time to grow and takes up a lot of space.
What are the pros and cons of dams and reservoirs?
Pros: controls the river, holds usable water.
Cons: very expensive, needs maintenance.
What are the pros and cons of embankments?
Pros: increases river capacity, lowers risk of flooding
Cons: Tske time and resources to make.
What are the pros and cons of flood plain zoning?
Pros: Reduces risk of flood damaging infrastructure.
Cons: Not always followed
What are the pros and cons of flood relief channels?
Pros: can reduce flooding by increasing river capacity.
Cons: Not an immediate solution.
What are the pros and cons of river restoration?
Pros: water is naturally slowed down, and there is a low cost and maintanence.
Cons: Cannot be done everywhere, may increase flood risk further downstream.
What are the pros and cons of river straightening?
Pros: flow is faster, reduces amount of meandering
Cons: May cause flooding downstream.
What do flood warnings do?
They alert people before hand so they can evacuate or take the necassary precautions.
What does afforestation do?
It is the planting of tress near a river to hold the soil together and increase interception.
What does flood plain zoning do?
It is when zones around a river are made, so that builders know where not to build and where to build stronger structures to withstand possible flooding.
What does river restoration do?
It returns the river back to its normal state so it does not over flow and flood.
What happens in Landslide?
Blocks of rocks slide downhill
What happens in Mudflow?
saturated soil and weak rocks flow down a slope
What happens in Rockfall?
Fragments of rock break away from the cliff face, often due to mechanical weathering.
What happens in Rotaional slip?
Slumps of saturated soil and weak rocks slide down along a curved surface.
What happens when backswash is weaker than swash?
Deposition; washing amterials towards the coast and leaving them there.
What happens when swash is weaker than backwash?
erosion; washes materials away from the coast
What is a BUILT landscape?
A landscape in which you can see more infrastructure in comparison to nature.
what is a confluence?
a point where 2 river branches meet.
What is a discordant coastline?
Alternating bands of more resistant and less resistant rocks in the coast.
What is a lowland?
An area where the land is at, near or below sea level and where there are no mountains or large hills.
What is a Natural Landscape?
A landscape in which you can see more nature compared to human infrastructure.
What is a spit?
An extended stretch of beach material that projects out to sea and is joint to the mainland at one end
What is a tributary?
a stream that joins main river branches
What is Abrasion?
Tiny particles carried by waves such as pebbles, crash against the cliff and erode it away.
What is an estuary?
where the mouth of a river is low enough to let the sea enter
What is an Upland and how is it created?
An area of high ground, often created by uplift of tectonic plates
What is Attrition?
The rocks and pebbles in the water bumps into each other.
They erode each other away and over many millenia become wel-rounded
What is evapotranspiration?
the loss of water directly from the sea or rivers or vegetation
What is groundwater flow?
water flow through saturated rock to the river
What is groundwater storage?
water stored at a depth within the rocks.
What is hard engineering?
the use of structuers which aim to resist the energy of waves and tides.
What is hydraulic action?
When destructive waves force air into crack in rocks.
the pressure exerted cause the cracks to expand, weakening the rock.
What is interception?
when moisture is collected on the leaves of vegetation.
What is percolation?
the downward movement of water through cracks and pores in rock beneath the surface
What is precipitation?
Atmospheric moisture deposited on Earth, such as rain.
What is saltation?
small pebbles and stones bounced along the riverbed.
what is soft engineering?
the use of natural materials to reduce or dissitpate the energy of waves
What is soil moisture storage?
water stored at shallow depths within the soil or unsaturated rock.
What is Solution in a river?
some types of sediment dissolved in water and carried along.
What is Solution?
slightly acidic water will start to dissolve the orck in the cliff
What is stemflow?
the movement of water down through vegetation into the ground.
What is surface runoff?
where water flows rapidly over the land, rather than beneath the surface.
What is surface storage?
water stored in pools on the ground after heavy rainfall
What is suspension?
fine, light material carried along the water
What is the movement of sediment along the coastline called?
longshore drift
What is Throughflow?
the flow of water at a shallow depth through soil or unsaturated rock.
What is traction?
large boulders and rocks rolled along the riverbed, scraping against it.
What is transpiration?
the loss of moisture from vegetation.
What is weathering?
the breakdown of rock in situ.
Where can you find v-shaped valleys?
In the upper course of a river.
Where can you usually find salt marshes?
Behind a spit
Where is weathering more liekly to be found and why?
It is more likely to be found in upland areas because they experience lower temperatures and high rainfall.
Which is less resistant, chalk or shale?
shale
Which is more resistant, limestone or sandstone?
Limestone
Which is the second most resistant rock in Britain?
Basalt
Which way does the river erode in the middle course?
laterally
______ marshes often develop ______ a ______.
salt, behind, spit
