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case studies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a case study for tectonic hazards?

A

E-16 volcano eruption

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2
Q

What is the background of the E-16 case study?

A

location: iceland
date: began March 20, 2010
Type of volcano: composite volcano
tectonic position: north American and Eurasian plates diverging

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3
Q

What are some of the causes of E-16?

A

tectonic activity
Magma was basaltic with relatively low viscosity allowing for explosive eruptions

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4
Q

What were the main hazards of the E-16 eruption?

A

eruption was explosive, producing large ash clouds, lava flows and volcanic gases.
ash cloud reached heights of up to 9km into the atmosphere and spread across large parts of Europe.
the eruption resulted in significant flooding due to the melting of ice beneath the glacier.

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5
Q

What were the impacts of E-16?

A

air quality decreasing due to ash cloud
eruption caused extensive ice melt (glaciers 200m thick melted)
many local residents were forced to evacuate
iceland’s tourism sector saw temporary disruption
air travel disruption due to ash cloud, affected 95,000 flights and costing aviation industry $ 2 billion
20 farms were destroyed and many crops

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6
Q

What were the responses to the E-16 eruption?

A

evacuation
government worked to mitigate effects of flooding and ash fall
air transport had to be stopped, affecting global supply chain
infrastructure repair
increased awareness of future eruptions

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7
Q

What is a case study of meteorological hazards?

A

Storm Desmond
Big Dry

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8
Q

What is the background for storm Desmond?

A

location: UK
Date: December 4-6. 2015
Type of storm: Extratropical cyclone
Key features: heavy rainfall, strong winds and flooding

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9
Q

What are the causes for Storm Desmond?

A

low pressure system brought in by the jet stream. influenced by warm, moist air mass from the Atlantic Ocean. Storm was particularly powerful due to the air pressure difference between the low pressure system and surrounding high pressure areas

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10
Q

What are some of the impacts of storm desmond?

A

Heavy rainfall (341mm of rainfall in some parts)
Flooding, rivers overwhelmed with rainwater
Soil erosion
Evacuations (around 5,000 people were evacuated)
Disruption to daily life
injuries and fatalities
Cost of damages around £500 million

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11
Q

what were some of the responses to storm desmond?

A

criticism by public of government’s flood response
rescue operations
emergency aid
flood warnings

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12
Q

What were some long-term responses to storm desmond?

A

rebuilding and repairing
flood defences
funding for flood recovery
community support
flood risk assessments
planning for the future

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13
Q

What is the background for the Big Dry?

A

severe drought affecting south-eastern and southern Australia from 1997-2009

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14
Q

What were the main causes of the Big Dry?

A

intense el nino
climate change
water mismanagement

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15
Q

What were some of the impacts of the Big Dry?

A

Water shortages leading to restrictions and rationing
Agricultural industry took a hit due to not many crops surviving and loss of livestock as well
decline in wildlife populations
bushfires
rural communities faced sever economic stress and increased rates of suicide among farmers
water management policies

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16
Q

What were some responses to the Big Dry?

A

Water restrictions
financial aid
drought relief programmes to assist farmers
water conservation and management
sustainable agriculture
Adaptation to climate change

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17
Q

what is a river case study?

A

River Tees

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18
Q

What is the background of the river tees?

A

location: northeast England
Length: approx. 137 km
Source: Pennine hills, Cumbria
Mouth: flows into the North Sea near Teesmouth, passing through Middlesbrough

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19
Q

What are the features of the upper course of the River Tees?

A

steep gradients, forming v-shaped valleys
Tees Head, High Force Waterfall, Low force waterfall

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20
Q

What are the features of the middle course of the River Tees?

A

as the river moves eastward, it passes through softer rock and become less steep.
River forms meanders

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21
Q

What are the features of the lower course of the River Tees?

A

the river approaches the North sea where it is influenced by tides, leading to formation of estuaries
Tees estuary near Middlesbrough supports biodiversity
Middlesbrough and the port of Teesport are major urban settlements in this region

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22
Q

What are some landforms and features in the river Tees?

A

waterfalls in the upper course (high force, low force)
meanders and ox-bow lakes in the middle course
floodplains and levees in the lower course
estuary at the mouth

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23
Q

Why is the River Tees important for industry?

A

there are major urban areas such as Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees, Darlington on it
Tees has historically been important for trading, business and industrial activities

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24
Q

What is some river management for the River Tees?

A

dams and reservoirs in the upper course
flood defences such as levees, flood barriers and embankments
River Channelization
Flood warning systems

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25
Q

What are some environment and conservation issues with the River Tees?

A

industrial activity such as mining, agriculture, and waste disposal has affected water quality
pollution from sewage, chemical runoff and industrial waste.

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26
Q

What is a coastal case study?

A

Holderness coast

27
Q

What is the overview for the Holderness coast?

A

location: eastern coast of England, along the coastline of Yorkshire
Length: 61 km
key feature: known for its high rates of erosion

28
Q

What are some geological features of the Holderness Coast?

A

chalk cliffs in the north near Flamborough Head
Boulder clay cliffs in the south
chalk is more resistant than clay so chalk cliffs are generally steeper and more stable

29
Q

What erosion processes take place at holderness?

A

mechanical weather such as freeze-thaw
hydraulic action
solution
abrasion
longshore drift

30
Q

How fast is the Holderness coastline retreating?

A

1.8m per yr

31
Q

What is some sediment transportation at holderness?

A

longshore drift forming spurn head spit
deposition by constructive waves

32
Q

What hard engineering is used to manage the Holderness coast?

A

sea walls
groynes
gibbons
rock armour

33
Q

What soft engineering is used to manage the Holderness coast?

A

beach nourishment
managed retreat

34
Q

What is a small scale sustainability case study?

A

Monteverde cloud rainforest

35
Q

What is the background of Monteverde?

A

location; central highlands of Costa Rica, Central America
Size: 10,500 hectares
Climate: constant cloud cover, high humidity, 2000-3000 mm rainfall annually, 12-24 C

36
Q

What are some facts about biodiversity in Monteverde?

A

2500 plant species
400 bird species
100 mammal species
120 amphibian and reptile species

37
Q

How is the Monteverde sustainable?

A

ecotourism
low impact tourism (e.g. birdwatching)
Sustainable accommodations
local employment
sustainable farming
biodiversity protection
agroforestry
organic farming

38
Q

What is a large scale sustainability case study?

A

Arctic council

39
Q

What is the arctic council?

A

8 nations make up the arctic council as well as indigenous tribes
protect the arctic and keep it sustainable

40
Q

Why does the arctic need protection?

A

home to 4 million indigenous people
plays crucial part in regulating global temperatures
protecting biodiversity

41
Q

What are some of the weaknesses of the arctic council?

A

limited scope
lack of binding agreements
rotating chairmanship
countries with opposing views

42
Q

What are some strengths of the arctic council?

A

sustainable development projects
arctic monitoring and assessment programmes
Inuit participation

43
Q

What is a case study for an LIDC?

A

Ethiopia

44
Q

Describe Ethiopia’s geologically.

A

landlocked in the Horn of Africa. Capital is Addis Ababa. Mountains, plateaus, lowland deserts. Significant natural resources and lots of agricultural land

45
Q

Give an overview of Ethiopia’s economic development.

A

pre-2000s, economy was primarily primary sector based. heavily reliant on subsistence farming. Country had low levels of industrialisation and limited access to global markets. Struggled with droughts and famines; 84-85 famine was most devastating. Civil war and political instability

post-2000s, rapid economic growth with highest economic growth rates in Africa (around 10% annually). Agriculture is still the backbone of the economy but the government have tried modernising it using things like irrigation systems.

46
Q

What are some economic challenges Ethiopia faces?

A

poverty, despite growth, still remains one of the poorest countries due to uneven development
inflation, especially in food prices, causing cost of living to increase and many not able to keep up.
Debt, Ethiopia has a lot of debt as they borrowed lots of money to develop, but now the debt is holding them back

47
Q

How has Ethiopia socially developed?

A

life expectancy has risen from 47 years in 2000 to 67 in recent years and infant mortality has decreased by more than half due to improved healthcare and government policies
Healthcare improvement has been a big part of the governments plan and now many rural areas also have access to healthcare
Government heavily investing in educational infrastructure. gender gap in education has narrowed and primary school enrolment rates as well as female literacy rates have increased

48
Q

What kind of population does Ethiopia have?

A

youthful with about 45% under the age of 15.

49
Q

how has Ethiopia developed environmentally?

A

efforts at sustainable agriculture using afforestation and soil conversion techniques. Ethiopia is still very vulnerable to climate change as it is highly dependant on agriculture and susceptible to droughts affecting the whole country

50
Q

What are some environmental challenges Ethiopia faces?

A

deforestation driven by agricultural expansion.
soil erosion due to deforestation and poor farming practices.

51
Q

Describe Ethiopia’s trade profile?

A

exports: primarily agricultural, coffee being the most significant accounting for nearly 1/3 of all export earnings.
Imports: imports lots of goods including machinery, vehicles, food products etc. As a landlocked country Ethiopia’s trade relies heavily on neighbouring Djibouti’s ports.
Trade partners: China Saudi Arabia, USA, EU

52
Q

What are some trade challenges Ethiopia faces?

A

it is landlocked so heavily reliant on neighbouring countries’ ports for import and export such a Djibouti.
has limited infrastructure
reliant on primary exports

53
Q

What are the different stages on Rostow’s model?

A

traditional society
pre-conditions to take off
take off
drive to maturity
High mass consumption

54
Q

Where is Ethiopia on Rostow’s model and why?

A

pre-conditions to take off
high rates of economic growth
transitioning from primary sector to secondary
major infrastructure projects are being invested in

55
Q

Which millennium development goals has Ethiopia worked towards?

A

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
promote gender equality and empower women
reduce child mortality
combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases

56
Q

How has Ethiopia worked towards Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger and what problems does it face?

A

44% lived in extreme poverty in 2000, 20% in 2020
improving food security
improved access to markets
Drought and climate change make it hard to grow crops stably.

57
Q

How has Ethiopia worked towards promoting gender equality and empowering women and what problems does it face?

A

increased female participation in education, government and the workforce.
women holding 40% of parliamentary seats, one of the highest in Africa
Gender-based violence and unequal access to resources still remains a significant problem

58
Q

How has Ethiopia worked towards reducing child mortality and what problems does it face?

A

under 5 mortality falling from 166 per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 59 in 2020. immunization programmes and better nutrition
Mortality rate in rural areas still remains high and healthcare is limited in remote regions

59
Q

How has Ethiopia worked towards combatting diseases and what problems does it face?

A

government implemented large scale public health campaigns, distribution of insecticide treated bed nets
In rural areas, disease such as TB and malaria are still pretty high

60
Q

What are sources of aid for Ethiopia?

A

governments (e.g. EU), international organisations (e.g. UN), NGOs

61
Q

What are positive effects of aid for Ethiopia?

A

funded critical development programmes, such as school infrastructure and healthcare. Helped reduce poverty and improve social indicators.

62
Q

What are negative effects of aid on Ethiopia?

A

Ethiopia has become dependant on foreign aid making it unsustainable. Indebted to countries that may exploit them.

63
Q

What are the impacts of TNCs on Ethiopia?

A

TNCs have heavily invested in Ethiopia and they are a key driver in its economic growth, particularly in the secondary sector.
There are concerns over working conditions, labour rights and pay. TNCs criticised for exploiting cheap labour and not adhering to local environmental standards.

GCSE Geography (7 decks)

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