Disorders pt.2 and treatment

Question 1

Eating Disorders

Answer 1

Anorexia Nervosa

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge-Eating Disorder

Range of biological, personality, and environmental (i.e., sociocultural) factors

Question 2

Substance Use Disorders

Answer 2

Characterised by the continued use of a substance (e.g., alcohol) that impairs social and physical functioning.

Question 3

Personality Disorders

Answer 3

Chronic and severe disturbances that inhibit an individual’s relationships and capacity to work
Prevalence is estimated at 10% in the general population.

Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-compulsive
(not the same as obsessive compulsive disorder).
Personality disorders are more like how people are and may not want to change. egocentonic.

Question 4

Alcohol use disorder

Answer 4

Most common substance use related disorder.
* 750 000 people in Australia are “alcoholics”
* Second only to tobacco as a preventable cause of drug-related harm in Australia
* Both genetics and environment play a role in the development of alcoholism (aetiology)
* Children of alcoholics are four times more likely to develop alcoholism than children of non-alcoholics
* People who abuse one drug are at increased risk for abusing several
* The environment and genes conspire to create a general risk for substance abuse

Question 5

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 5

an eating disorder in which individuals starve themselves, exercise excessively or eliminate food in intentional ways; they are significantly below their ideal body weight

Question 6

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 6

an eating disorder characterised by a binge-and-purge pattern

Question 7

Binge-Eating Disorder

Answer 7

a disorder characterized by binge eating but without compensatory behaviours

Question 8

Paranoid personality disorder

Answer 8

Distrust and suspiciosness

Question 9

Schizoid personality disorder

Answer 9

Detachment from social relationships, restricted range of emotional expression

Question 10

Schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 10

acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, eccentricity

Question 11

Antisocial personality disorder

Answer 11

Disregard for and violation of the rights of others, personality disorder. More common in males.

Question 12

Borderline personality disorder

Answer 12

Impulsivity and instability in interpersonal relationships, self-concept and emotions. intense fears of separation and abandonment, manipulativeness, and self-mutilating behaviour. More common in females.

Question 13

Histrionic personality disorder

Answer 13

excessive emotionality and attention seeking

Question 14

Narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 14

grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy

Question 15

Avoidant personality disorder

Answer 15

social inhibition and avoidance, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

Question 16

Dependent personality disorder

Answer 16

submissive and clinging behaviour and excessive need to be taken care of

Question 17

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Answer 17

Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and control

Question 18

Psychodynamic Approach to therapy

Answer 18

Mental symptoms reflect unconscious conflicts that induce anxiety, and the goal of therapy is to gain insight into these conflicts.

Question 19

Insight

Answer 19

Refers to the understanding of one’s own psychological processes and unconscious conflicts.

Question 20

Free association

Answer 20

Technique in which the patient is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, in order to reveal the unconscious processes of the patient. Designed to explore associational networks and unconscious processes.

Question 21

Interpretation

Answer 21

Therapist interprets the thoughts, and feelings of the patient in order to reveal the hidden conflicts and motivations.

Question 22

Analysis of transference

Answer 22

Patients bring into therapy their past troubled relationships (also thoughts, feeling, fears, wishes and conflicts); these are
transferred to the therapist.

Question 23

Psychoanalysis

Answer 23

The patient lies on a couch with the therapist seated behind them. Patients are encouraged to free associate, transference, and interpretation.

Question 24

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

Answer 24

Patient and therapist are face-to-face. The techniques used are more goal-directed than those used in psychoanalysis.

Question 25

Cognitive Behavioural Therapies

Answer 25

Cognitive-behavioural therapies use methods derived from behavioural and cognitive approaches to learning.
Some therapies are more strictly behavioural or cognitive, but many integrate the two.

Therapy is typically shorter (relative to psychodynamic therapy) and focused on the current behaviours of a person (but not always).
Therapists are more directive and didactic (relative to psychodynamic therapies).

Question 26

Classical conditioning techniques

Answer 26

Utilise exposure (i.e., directly facing your fears)

• Can be in vivo or imaginal, and in recent years techniques involving virtual reality have been developed
• Exposure-based treatments are probably the most effective for anxiety-related disorders (not just phobias, but panic, OCD, PTSD also).

Question 27

Flooding

Answer 27

Confront phobic stimulus all at once; can be very frightening.

Question 28

Graded Exposure / Systematic desensitisation

Answer 28

Modification to Flooding where patient is gradually exposed to phobic stimulation. Flooding may work quicker but it depends on the individual.

Question 29

Operant learning techniques

Answer 29

Use reinforcement and punishment to modify unwanted behaviours.

• Modelling involves the learning of appropriate behavioural responses through the observation of others. In participatory modelling, the therapist not only models the desired behaviour but also gradually encourages the patient to participate in it.
• Skills training involves teaching the behaviours necessary to accomplish relevant goals (e.g., assertiveness and social skills training).
• Exposure and response prevention is based on classical and operant principles.

Question 30

Cognitive Therapy

Answer 30

Focus of cognitive therapies is on changing dysfunctional thought patterns (automatic thoughts or irrational beliefs).

Question 31

ABC theory / Ellis’s Rational emotive therapy

Answer 31

A refers to activating conditions, B to belief systems and C to emotional consequences. Beck’s cognitive therapy similarly proposes that correcting cognitive distortions is crucial to therapeutic change.

Focuses on the irrational thought patterns of the patient (rational thinking is the key to eliminating symptoms).

Question 32

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

Answer 32

Focuses on challenging patients’ cognitive distortions.

Question 33

Mindfulness practices

Answer 33

Involve directing attention to the present moment with acceptance and without judgement.

Question 34

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT):

Answer 34

Focuses on changing relationships with thoughts
and encouraging people to behave in ways that are in line with their values.

Question 35

Humanistic Therapy

Answer 35

Focus on the way in which individuals consciously experience the self, relationships, and the world. The relationship is most critical. Client-centred therapy helps clients accept the difference between their ideal self and their actual experiences through the use of unconditional positive regard.

Question 36

Group therapy

Answer 36

A treatment method in which multiple people meet together to work towards therapeutic goals.

Question 37

Self-help group

Answer 37

Groups that are leaderless or guided by a non-professional, in which members assist each other in coping with a specific problem, as in Alcoholics Anonymous.

Question 38

Family therapy

Answer 38

A psychological treatment that attempts to change maladaptive interaction patterns among members of a family.

Question 39

Pharmacotherapy

Answer 39

The use of medications to treat psychological disorders, is the major type of biological treatment. Well established as an effective treatment for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and many other forms of psychopathology. The two major problems with pharmacotherapy are relapse rates and side effects.

Question 40

Psychotropic medications

Answer 40

Affect mental processes by acting at neurotransmitter sites or at the intracellular level.

Question 41

Antipsychotic medications

Answer 41

Medications used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic states, which have sedating effects and reduce positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. Inhibit dopamine.

Question 42

Tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 42

A class of medications for depression that compensates for depleted neurotransmitters.

Question 43

MAO inhibitors

Answer 43

Antidepressant medication that keeps the chemical MAO from breaking down neurotransmitter substances in the presynaptic neuron, which makes more neurotransmitters available for release into the synapse.

Question 44

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 44

A class of antidepressant medications, including Prozac, that blocks the presynaptic membrane from taking back serotonin, and hence leaves it acting longer in the synapse. Can be useful for treating depression.

Question 45

Lithium

Answer 45

The treatment of choice for bipolar disorder.

Question 46

Benzodiazepines

Answer 46

Antianxiety medications that indirectly affect the action of norepinephrine. Can be useful in treating anxiety. So can antidepressants.

Question 47

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 47

A last-resort treatment for severe depression, in which an electric shock to the brain is used to induce a seizure.

Question 48

Psychosurgery

Answer 48

Brain surgery to reduce psychological symptoms. Used as a last resort for treating obsessive–compulsive disorder.

Question 49

Efficacy studies

Answer 49

Studies that assess psychotherapy outcome under highly controlled conditions, such as random assignment of patients to different treatment or control groups, careful training of therapists to adhere to a manual and standardised length of treatment.

Question 50

Effectiveness studies

Answer 50

Studies that assess the outcome of psychotherapy as it is practised in the field rather than in the laboratory.

Question 51

Psychotherapy integration

Answer 51

The use of theory or technique from multiple therapeutic perspectives.

Question 52

Eclectic psychotherapy

Answer 52

Psychotherapy in which psychologists combine techniques from different approaches to fit the particular case.

Question 53

Integrative psychotherapy

Answer 53

Psychotherapy that uses an approach developed from theories that cut across theoretical lines.

Question 54

Genogram

Answer 54

The assessment technique used by family therapists that maps a family over three or four generations.

Question 55

The psychodynamic approach to therapeutic change rests on two principles

Answer 55

insight and therapeutic alliance

Question 56

According to Thomas Szasz, a person should only be treated for mental illness if

Answer 56

They consider their symptoms a problem.

Question 57

labelling theory

Answer 57

Some consider diagnosis to be stigmatising and lead to people experiencing discrimination.

Question 58

Groups considered at high risk of developing mental health problems

Answer 58

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

Adolescents

Rural and remote populations