Adolescent and adult development Flashcards
The three stages of Kohlberg’s Moral Development
Preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
Emerging adulthood
New developmental stage as a result of changes in modern and western society.
Crystalised intelligence
Refers to the accumulation of knowledge or skills, this typically does not decrease with age.
Fluid intelligence
The ability to reason quickly and abstractly with new information, tends to decrease with age.
Stages of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Stage 1: Basic trust vs mistrust, infancy (1- 2 years old).
Stage 2: Autonomy vs shame and doubt, early childhood (2-4 years old).
Stage 3: Initiate vs guilt, preschool (4-5 years old).
Stage 4: Industry vs inferiority, school age (5-12 years old).
Stage 5: Identity vs role confusion, adolescent (13-19 years old).
Stage 6: Intimacy vs isolation, early adulthood (20-40 years old).
Stage 7: Generativity vs stagnation, adulthood (40-65 years old).
Stage 8: Ego integrity vs despair, maturity (65 years old – death).
Alzheimer’s disease
An incurable illness that destroys neurons in the brain and can cause dementia. Characterised by changes in brain tissue, including tangled neurons and protein deposits that disrupt the functioning of cortical cells.
Cognitive social researchers measure moral development in terms of…
Prosocial behaviour
Kohlberg’s Preconventional stage of development
Younger children, thinks in terms of external authority (acts are right or wrong depending on the consequences).
First stage: Punishment-obedience orientation; right or wrong is determined by what is punished.
Second stage: Instrumental-hedonistic; right or wrong is determined by what is rewarded.
Kohlberg’s Conventional stage of development
Older children, see and internalise rules as necessary to maintain social order. Rules seen as rigid.
First stage: Good-child orientation; right or wrong is determined by close others’ approval or disapproval.
Second stage: Law-and-order orientation; right or wrong is determined by society’s rules and laws, which should be obeyed rigidly.
Kohlberg’s Postconventional stage of development
During adolescence (not everyone reaches this stage), working out a personal code of ethics. Rules are seen as less rigid.
First stage: social-contract orientation; right or wrong is determined by society’s rules, which are fallible rather than absolute.
Second stage: Universal ethical principles; right or wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasise equity and justice.
During this stage, may go against a law for a morally justified cause. Disobey immoral laws.
Erikson’s Stage 1: Basic trust vs mistrust, infancy or first 18 months (1- 2 years old).
We learn if we can trust someone now, we can trust others in the future. If we experience fear, we develop doubt and mistrust. Our mother is the key to our development.
Erikson’s Stage 2: Autonomy vs shame and doubt, early childhood (2-4 years old).
Experience ourselves and discover our own body. Question if it is ok to be ourselves. Develop self-confidence or shame and self-doubt. Both parents play a large role now.
Erikson’s Stage 3: Initiate vs guilt, preschool (4-5 years old).
Take initiate and try new things. Learn basic principles, ask if its ok to behave the way we do. If encouraged, will follow our interest, if held back or told we are wrong, can develop guilt. Now learning from the entire family.
Erikson’s Stage 4: Industry vs inferiority, school age (5-12 years old).
Discover our own interests and realise we are different from others. We want to show we can do things right and ask if we can make it in this world. We become industrious if we receive recognition from mentors and peers. I f we receive too much negative feedback, we feel inferior and lose motivation. Neighbours and schools now influence us the most.
Erikson’s Stage 5: Identity vs role confusion, adolescent (13-19 years old).
Can find our own identity if left to explore ourselves. If pushed to conform to parents’ views, we can face role confusion and feel lost. Role models influence us the most.
