Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

H+N - C > Disorders of the Retina > Flashcards

Disorders of the Retina Flashcards

1
Q

What does a slit lamp examine?

A

Anterior of the eye

-everything is reversed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does an ophthalmoscope examine?

A

Posterior of the eye

  • Everything right way up and round
  • Bit like looking through a keyhole through
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does biometry do?

A

Measures shape and size of eye.

Commonly used to calculate power of the intraocular lens implants for cataract and refractive surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does perimetry do?

A

Systematic measurement of visual field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does a fundus camera do?

A

Takes a photo of the back of the eye (retina).

Like a large ophthalmoscope with a camera attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is optical coherence tomography?

A

Optical Coherence Tomography, or ‘OCT’, is a technique for obtaining sub-surface images of translucent or opaque materials at a resolution equivalent to a low-power microscope. It is effectively ‘optical ultrasound’, imaging reflections from within tissue to provide cross-sectional images.

Allows you to look at the fovea as a cross section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Fluorescein Angiography?

A

Medical procedure where a fluorescent dye is injected into the bloodstream. The dye highlights blood vessels in the back of the eye so that they can be photographed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Fleurescin and its reaction with the Blood-Retinal barrier

A

85% bound to serum proteins
15% unbound “free”

Inner + Outer Blood-retinal barrer
(retinal capillaries + zonula occludens respectively)
-Impermeable to fleuroscein

Choriocapillaris
-Permeable only to “free” fluorescein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What light do you shine on the eye in Fluorescein angiography and what shines back?

A

Shine blue at the eye and green light given off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do cones and rods differ?

A

Just cones at fovea
Cones more to do with central vision and colour

Rods more black and white and periphery of visual field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does electrophysiology do?

A

Series of investigations recording electrical signals from the eye, optic nerve and brain in response to visual stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an electroretinogram (ERG)?

A

Measures retinal function

Records action potentials within the retina.
Different waves measure different cells.
Can test both rods and cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an electro-oculogram (EOG)?

A

Measures function of RPE and photoreceptors

Measures resting potential difference between the RPE and photoreceptors

  • Max PD in light adapted eye
  • Max PD in dark adapted eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is visually evoked potentials (VEP)?

A

Records optic nerve function

Measures electrical activity in the visual cortex in response to either a flashing light or a checker board pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does reduced amplitude and latency in VEP indicate?

A

Reduced amplitude:

  • Reduced cell number
  • Ischaemic/traumatic optic neuropathy

Latency:

  • Reduced cell function
  • Optic neuritis (demyelination)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What methods can you use to detect retinal pathology?

A

Visual acuity, visual fields, colour vision, RAPD

Fundoscopy

Fleorescein angiography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

Electrophysiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is RAPD?

A

Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In optic nerve pathology what is usually the first aspect of eyesight to go?

A

Colour vision

before visual acuity and visual fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes sudden painless loss of vision?

A
  • Central retinal vein occlusion
  • Central retinal artery occlusion
  • Ischaemic optic neuropathy
  • Stroke
  • Vitreous haemorrhage
  • Retinal detachment
  • Sudden discovery of pre-existing unilateral LoV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can cause Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CVAO)?

A

Hypertension
Glaucoma
Hyperviscosity
Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can cause Central Artery Occlusion (CRAO)?

A

Emboli (carotids/heart)

Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two types of Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Arteritic (AION)

Non-Arteritic (NAION)

23
Q

What are the symptoms of Giant cell arteritis?

A 
Headache
Scalp tenderness
Jaw claudication
Neck pain
Nausea/anorexia
Loss of vision
24
Q

What is the cardinal feature of giant cell arteritis?

A

Raised inflammatory markers

25
Q

What is the gold standard in diagnosis of giant cell arteritis?

A

Temporal artery biopsy

26
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of optic neuritis?

A 
-Pain on eye movements
(nerve becomes inflamed)
-Reduced vision
-Red desaturation
(loss of colour first, esp red)
-Central scotoma
-Relative afferent pupil defect
-Swollen optic disc
27
Q

What conditions cause gradual painless loss of vision?

A
  • Cataract
  • Refractive error
  • Age-related macular degeneration
  • Open angle glaucoma
  • Diabetic retinopathy
  • Hypertensive retinopathy
  • Inherited retinal dystrophies
  • Drug-induced retinopathy
28
Q

What is age-related macular degeneration?

A

Common:

  • 10% >65
  • 30% >75

Progressve loss of central vision

Risk factors:

  • Age
  • Smoking
  • Poor diet
29
Q

What are the two types of age-related macular degeneration?

A

Dry type (80-90%)

  • Slow onset
  • Atrophy

Wet type (10-20%)

  • More aggressive
  • Neurovascular membrane (blood and fluid)
30
Q

Briefly describe diabetic retinopathy

A

Diabeted damages pericytes which make up the capillary walls.

Contents of blood vessels leak out. This can be fluid or lipids

Outpouching of capillaries (microaneurysms) along with lipid deposits may be seen

31
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Pericytes are contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells of capillaries and venules throughout the body.

32
Q

What is VEGF?

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Causes angiogenesis
Released during ischaemia

33
Q

What vascular abnormalities may VEGF cause

A

Angiogenesis forms vessels that grow into vitreous and very commonly bleed

Can occur with diabetic retinopathy

34
Q

How do you treat vascular abnormalities (commonly caused by VEGF)?

A

Laser treatment

  • Destroys 80% of retina at periphery
  • VGEF production reduced and vessels shrink
  • Field of vision effected a bit but patient will be still able to see and may even drive

Injections in the eye every 6 months

35
Q

What may advanced diabetic retinopathy cause?

A

Scarring and possible retinal detachment

36
Q

What are retinal dystrophies?

A

Series of inherited conditions affecting photoreceptor function leading to progressive loss of vision

37
Q

What retinal dystrophies may you get?

A
  • Photoreceptor dystrophies (ERG reduced)

- RPE dystrophies (EOG reduced)

38
Q

Give some examples of photoreceptor dystrophies

A

Retinitis pigmentosa

Cone dystrophy

Leber’s congenital amaurosis

39
Q

Give some examples of RPE- dystrophies

A

Best’s vitelliform macular dystrophy

Stargardt macular dystrophy

Sorby macular dystrophy

North Carolina macular dystrophy

40
Q

Give some examples of Choroidal dystrophies

A

Choroideraemia

Gyrate atrophy

41
Q

Give some examples of Vitreoretinal dystrophies

A

Stickler syndrome

Congenital retinoschisis

42
Q

What is Retinitis Pigmentosa?

A

Inheritence 1:4000

Predominantly rod
Tunnel vision as rods start to die off to the cones in the centre

Dead and dying RPE forming pigmentation

43
Q

What is cone dystrophy?

A

Photopic ERG rediced (tested in light = cones effected)

Scotopic normal (tested in dark and rods not damaged)

44
Q

What is the inheritance of Best’s Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy?

A

Dominant

45
Q

What is the inheritance of stargart macular dystrophy?

A

Recessive (90%)

46
Q

What is the inheritance of sorby macular dystrophy?

A

Dominant

47
Q

What is the inheritance of north carolina macular dystrophy?

A

Dominant

48
Q

What is choroideraemia?

A

Inheritance = x-linked recessive
-Incidence 1:50,000

Choroid is damaged and so develops this pale appearance

49
Q

What is the inheritance of gyrate atrophy?

A

Inheritance = recessive

50
Q

What drugs cause drug indiced retinopathy?

A

Antimalarials

  • Chloroquine
  • Hydroxycholoroquine

Phenothiazines

Tamoxifen

51
Q

How do you treat an idiopathic macular hole?

A

Surgery

52
Q

What is myopic retinopathy?

A

Short sightedness

Retina is streched as eye is abnormally large. Retina may tear.
Rare

53
Q

What condition can you consider gene therapy as a treatment?

A

Choroideraemia

H+N - C (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions