Disorders of Lung Inflation

Question 1

Stretchability under pressure

Answer 1

compliance

Question 2

What determines compliance

Answer 2

alveolar surface tension and the elastic recoil of the lung and chest wall

Question 3

Measure of lung and chest wall dispensability

Answer 3

compliance

Question 4

stretchy connective tissue fiber within alveolar walls

Answer 4

elastin

Question 5

resistance to stretchability

Answer 5

collagen

Question 6

contributes to passive deflation of the lungs

Answer 6

elastin

Question 7

works against the compliance factor

Answer 7

surface tension

Question 8

surface tension tends to do what to alveoli

Answer 8

collapse

Question 9

what cells produce surfactant

Answer 9

type II epithelial cells in alveoli

Question 10

acts like a detergent-like substance that helps keep air stretches open

Answer 10

surfactant

Question 11

in infants with surfactant insufficiency is related to

Answer 11

respiratory distress syndrome

Question 12

decrease stretchability, stiffer lungs

Answer 12

loss of compliance

Question 13

disease examples of loss of compliance

Answer 13

pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary edema

Question 14

over stretchability

Answer 14

increased compliance

Question 15

disease example of increased compliance

Answer 15

emphysema

Question 16

Accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in partial or complete lung collapse

Answer 16

pneumothorax

Question 17

Air enters but does not leave the pleural space causing increase pressure

Answer 17

tension pneumothorax

Question 18

Air enters pleural space as result of chest wall injury or punctures

Answer 18

secondary (open) pneumothorax

Question 19

Air-filled blebs/bllisters on lung surface form and rupture, allowing air to enter pleural space

Answer 19

spontaneous (closed) pneumothorax

Question 20

accumulation of transudate or fluid coming from different cells, seen with CHF, renal failure, nephrosis, liver failure

Answer 20

hydrothorax

Question 21

exudate that comes from inflammatory processes or immune responses

Answer 21

empyema

Question 22

blood pooling into the pleural cavity

Answer 22

hemothorax

Question 23

milky white, lymph fluid coming into pleural cavity

Answer 23

chylothorax

Question 24

name causes of pleural effusions

Answer 24

incr capillary pressure and permeability,
decr colloidal osmotic pressure,
incr intrapleural negative pressure,
impaired lymphatic drainage

Question 25

name consequenses of pleural effusion

Answer 25

``` decr lung volume on affected side, diminished breath sounds, dullness or flatness to percussion, dyspnea, pleuritic pain, constant discomfort ```

Question 26

Lung tissue remains uninflated at birth due to insufficient surfactant, often in premature birth

Answer 26

primary atelectasis

Question 27

Lung that have previously been inflated collapse

Answer 27

secondary atelectasis

Question 28

surfactant needs to be

Answer 28

constantly replenished by normal ventilation

Question 29

increased risk for atelectasis

Answer 29

after surgery, narcotics, anesthesia, immobility, ineffective cough reflex, increased viscosity of sputum

Question 30

signs and symptoms of atelectasis

Answer 30

crackles and gurgles, diminished breath sounds at site of collapse, progressive dyspnea and tachycardia, progressive cough due to loss of secretions hypoxemia

Question 31

interventions for atelectasis

Answer 31

``` oxygen antibiotics hydration spirometry frequent repositioning cough deep breathing ```