Control of Respiratory Function

Question 1

major function of respiratory system

Answer 1

exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 2

respiratory system helps regulate pH by

Answer 2

eliminating CO2

Question 3

Metabolic functions of respiratory system

Answer 3

angiotensin converting enzyme
surfactant
inactivation of prostaglandins

Question 4

Defense mechanisms of respiratory system

Answer 4

cough
mucociliary escalator
alveolar macrophages
IgA

Question 5

conducting airways

Answer 5

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

Question 6

respiratory zone

Answer 6

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
lung parenchyma
gas exchange

Question 7

site of gas exchange

Answer 7

alveoli

Question 8

lung parenchyma

Answer 8

contains alveoli, basement membrane, and capillary endothelial cells

Question 9

movement of respiratory gases occurs by

Answer 9

diffusion

Question 10

diffusion is dependent upon

Answer 10

alveolar ventilation

pulmonary perfusion

Question 11

ficks law

Answer 11

F=DA(delta)C/X
A=surface area
X=thickness
D=partial pressures and gas solubilities
C=concentration gradient

Question 12

Thin respiratory membrane allows for

Answer 12

efficient diffusion

Question 13

allows for rapid on-loading of oxygen to hemoglogin

Answer 13

allosteric modulation

Question 14

disease that compromise efficient gas exchange

Answer 14

pulmonary fibrosis
emphysema
atelectasis
altitude

Question 15

pulmonary fibrosis compromise gas exchange by

Answer 15

increased thickness of partition between air and blood, increasing X, decreasing gas exchange

Question 16

emphysema or atelectasis compromise gas exchange by

Answer 16

decreased surface area for gas exchange

decreasing A

Question 17

altitude compromise gas exchange by

Answer 17

at high altitiude there is decreaed concentrations of oxygen in inspired air
compromising the concentration gradient
decreasing DC

Question 18

oxygen is transported by

Answer 18

hemoglobin

Question 19

CO2 is transported as

Answer 19

bicarbonate ion

Question 20

enzyme that catalyzes CO2 and water

Answer 20

carbonic anhydrase

Question 21

equation for CO2 conversion

Answer 21

CO2+H2O=H2CO3(carbonic acid)

H2CO3=H+ + HCO3- (bicarb) facilitated by carbonic anhydrase

Question 22

cooperative binding

Answer 22

once oxygen binds to one site on Hg makes the other sites more likely to bind

Question 23

make up of Hg

Answer 23

4 amino acid chairs and 4 heme groups

Heme + iron ion is where oxygen binds

Question 24

CO2 and acidic environment causes

Answer 24

release of oxygen from Hg

Question 25

Idea that things bind to other part of protein and enzymes

Answer 25

allosteric inhibition | inhibited by CO2 and H+(acid)

Question 26

acidic environment, increase temp, increase pCO2

Answer 26

``` Hg allosteric inhibition decrease of oxygen on Hg Oxygen "dumping" release oxygen from Hg creating more O2 for tissue decrease blood saturation(saO2) right shift of curve ```

Question 27

Right shift on oxygen dissociation curve

Answer 27

caused by ACIDIC environment

Question 28

basic environment, decrease temp, decrease pCO2

Answer 28

causing binding of oxygen to Hg increase blood saturation(saO2) left shift of curve

Question 29

Left shift on oxygen dissociation curve

Answer 29

caused by BASIC environment

Question 30

part of brain controlling ventilation

Answer 30

brainstem

Question 31

part of brain sets basic respiratory rhythm

Answer 31

medulla

Question 32

part of brain modifies respiratory rhythm

Answer 32

pons

Question 33

nerves that innervate the diaphragm and intercostals

Answer 33

phrenic and intercostal nerves

Question 34

Major signal that sets rate and depth of ventilation

Answer 34

carbon dioxide | oxygen secondary signal to CO2

Question 35

normal, quiet breathing

Answer 35

eupnea

Question 36

increased resp rate

Answer 36

tachypnea

Question 37

subjective sensation of breathlessness

Answer 37

dyspnea

Question 38

a waxing and waning tidal volume with periodic apnea

Answer 38

cheyne-strokes respiration

Question 39

rapid and deep ventialtion

Answer 39

``` kussmaal respiration (metabolic acidosis) ```

Question 40

parasympathetic effects on respiratory system

Answer 40

airway constriction blood vessel dilation increase glandular secretion

Question 41

sympathetic effects on respiratory system

Answer 41

bronchodilation blood vessel constriction decrease glandular secretion