Disorders of esophagus stomach small intestine Flashcards
What is dysphagia, and what’s its risk factor?
ESOPHAGUS
is the difficulty swallowing, muscular neuropathy dysfunction
RF: aspiration
What is esophagitis?
inflammation of the lining of the esophagus by gastric acid
stomach acid(vomiting)
medication (NSAIDS)
fungal infection (Candida albicans)
patient may complain of burning sensation
What is GERD gastroesophageal reflux disorder and what is it’s s/s?
ESOPHAGUS
allows regurgitation of stomach acids
metaplasia (replacement of 1 cell to another)
Barrett’s esophagus can occur (stomach acid coming out and pancreas change to cells)
s/s: heart burn (acid indigestion, dysphagia, epigastric pain)
What is Upper GI bleed and what is its s/s and causes?
any part of upper GI (stomach, duodenum, esophagus) can be acute or chronic
Causes: Mallory-Weiss, PUD, esophageal varices, cancer
s/s: hematemesis (vomiting blood)
melena (blood-causing black tarry stools)
vital changes (decreased BP, increased HR)
Chronic = blood loss
What is esophageal varices?
engorged vein in the lower end of the esophagus due to portal vein hypertension (liver cirrhosis). engorged veins may rupture, leading to liver cirrhosis (degenerative disease of liver, scarring, and liver failure)
s/s: jaundice
What are the 2 types of Esophageal cancer and what are the causes and s/s?
- Squamous cell carcinoma: cancer invades the lining of esophagus due to chronic alcohol and tobacco use, also HPV
- Adenocarcinoma: cancer in distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction (> 70% of new cases in US)
Cause: tobacco use, GERD, Barretts esophagus
s/s: weight loss, changes in eating patterns, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
What is a hiatal hernia and it’s s/s?
STOMACH
Part of the stomach pushes through opening in diaphragm by increased intra-abdominal pressure. asymptomatic
SLIDING hiatal hernia are more common and may become EMERGENT
s/s: GERD, dysphagia, epigastric discomfort
What is pyloric stenosis, and what are the s/s?
STOMACH
hardening of sphincter so it’s not dilating stomach content constriction of pyloric sphincter so it’s not dilating stomach content constriction of pyloric sphincter gastric propulsion of contents is compromised and can be congenital.
s/s: gastroparesis (distended stomach),
firm abdomen over pylorus (lower stomach), nausea, projectile vomiting, SURGICAL REPAIR NEEDED
What is gastritis, and what are the causes and s/s?
STOMACH
inflammation of the mucosa, acute or chronic
Acute: due to injury to the mucosal layer from drugs or chemicals (NSAIDS, alcohol, aspirin)
Chronic: thinning and degeneration of stomach wall, more common in elderly
Cause: medications (NSAIDS, aspirin, corticosteroids), infection, acute stress, bile reflux, alcohol abuse.
Chronic s/s: burning, gnawing epigastric pain, hematemesis, weight loss, risk of stomach cancer
PRECURSOR OF STOMACH CANCER (H. pylori, chronic)
H. pylori causes irritation and erosion of the mucosa, atrophy of the stomach lining (smaller), and atrophic gastritis.
What is PUD peptic ulcer disease, its causes, and s/s?
STOMACH
inflammatory erosion of stomach, duodenum, lower esophagus, hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid HCI, ineffective GI mucus production, poor cellular repair
Cause: H. pylori, NSAIDS (take away/ decreased gastric mucus production), alcohol abuse, stress, genetics, smoking, excessive caffeine
s/s: epigastric abdominal pain (occurs between meals/ 2-3 hrs after eating), intense pain, burning/gnawing sensation
Complications: bleeding peptic ulcers, perforation (hole) in stomach and intestine
What is dumping syndrome and it’s 2 phases?
emptying of stomach before acids does, goes from stomach to esophagus, rapid gastric emptying, common after bariatric surgery (600ib life/ 1000ibs siters), hypertonic fluid enters intestines causing fluid shift
2 phases:
Early: 30 mins after eating
Late: 2-3 hrs after eating
dietary management is key
What is a hernia?
small intestine
protrusion of the intestine through the abdominal wall (based on the location), most common hernia: inguinal hernia (above the crotch), symptoms and severity depend on location and extent
1. Reducible: returned to normal position w/ manual pressure
2. Incarceration: loop of intestine trapped
3. Strangulation: ischemia of bowel tissue
What is gastroenteritis and its s/s?
irritation of stomach, small or large intestine by pathogen or toxin (virus, bacteria, parasite, chemical toxin) transmitted person to person, waterborne or foodborne infectious microorganisms, and people in close contact increase risk
s/s: electrolyte imbalance condition lasting 48–72 hours, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, IV FLUID REPLACEMENT may be needed
What is celiac disease?
sprune, gluten sensitivity enteropathy, hypersensitivity to gluten (allergic to gluten), unknown cause, autoimmune
s/s:
gluten ingestion = abdominal pain, bloating, gas, difficulty digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies are concerns.
Steatorrhea may develop (loss of fat in stools)
What is short-bowel syndrome?
malabsorption/less nutriton intake, andy process that leaces less than 200cm of small intestine (normal length is 600cm), remaining intesetine adapts and increased absorptive capabilities
