Disorders and damage

Question 1

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 1

Damage to Broca’s area (left frontal lobe); results in non-fluent, effortful speech.

Question 2

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 2

Damage to Wernicke’s area (left temporal lobe); fluent but meaningless speech.

Question 3

Dysphasia

Answer 3

Slow, grammatically incorrect speech; linked to left parietal damage.

Question 4

Non-fluent Aphasias

Answer 4

Speech is effortful; understanding is relatively preserved.

Question 5

Fluent Aphasias

Answer 5

Speech is fluent but lacks meaning.

Question 6

Pure Aphasias

Answer 6

Highly specific deficits, e.g., alexia (reading), agraphia (writing).

Question 7

Alexia

Answer 7

Acquired reading disorder; linked to damage in the left occipitotemporal cortex.

Question 8

Colour agnosia

Answer 8

Difficulty naming colours; often from left occipitotemporal damage.

Question 9

Prosopagnosia

Answer 9

Face blindness; due to bilateral fusiform gyrus damage.

Question 10

Apperceptive agnosias

Answer 10

Inability to form a coherent visual percept.

Question 11

Associative agnosias

Answer 11

Object recognition failure despite intact visual perception.

Question 12

Right hemianopia

Answer 12

Loss of vision in the right visual field, often from pressure on visual pathways.

Question 13

Blindsight

Answer 13

Unconscious visual perception despite cortical blindness.

Question 14

Hemispatial neglect

Answer 14

Ignoring the left side of space after right parietal damage.

Question 15

Contralateral neglect

Answer 15

A form of spatial neglect (commonly from right-sided lesions).

Question 16

Simultaneous extinction

Answer 16

Failure to detect one of two stimuli presented simultaneously; related to right parietal damage.

Question 17

Topographic memory loss

Answer 17

Disorientation; linked to right parietal dysfunction.

Question 18

Selective visual attention deficits

Answer 18

Right temporal lobe damage affects both visual fields.

Question 19

Constructive apraxia

Answer 19

Difficulty assembling or copying objects.

Question 20

Spatial cognition disorders

Answer 20

Movement and sensory spatial deficits from parietal lesions.

Question 21

Ideomotor apraxia

Answer 21

Inability to imitate gestures despite understanding; often left parietal.

Question 22

Ideational apraxia

Answer 22

Impaired planning of multi-step actions.

Question 23

Limb-kinetic apraxia

Answer 23

Clumsy, uncoordinated hand movements.

Question 24

Dressing apraxia

Answer 24

Difficulty putting on clothes.

Question 25

Eyelid-opening apraxia

Answer 25

Inability to voluntarily open eyes.

Question 26

Gait apraxia

Answer 26

Abnormal walking patterns not due to motor or sensory deficits.

Question 27

Speech apraxia

Answer 27

Impaired motor planning of speech; often linked to the insula.

Question 28

Aprosodia

Answer 28

Flat speech tone; right hemisphere damage.

Question 29

Motor Aprosodia

Answer 29

Inability to produce intonation (right Broca’s homologue).

Question 30

Sensory Aprosodia

Answer 30

Inability to understand intonation (right Wernicke’s homologue).

Question 31

Pseudodepression

Answer 31

Apathy, lack of initiative; linked to left frontal damage.

Question 32

Pseudopsychopathy

Answer 32

Disinhibition, poor judgement; linked to right frontal damage.

Question 33

Emotionally atypical behaviour

Answer 33

Misinterpretation of emotional/social cues, often from right hemisphere injury.

Question 34

Klüver–Bucy syndrome

Answer 34

Caused by bilateral amygdala damage; reduced fear and reactivity.

Question 35

FASD (Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder)

Answer 35

Executive dysfunction from prenatal alcohol exposure.

Question 36

Dyslexia

Answer 36

Developmental reading disorder.

Question 37

Dyscalculia

Answer 37

Impaired arithmetic ability; linked to left parietal damage or Gerstmann syndrome.

Question 38

Memory impairment

Answer 38

Reported in parietal lobe damage or neurodegeneration.

Question 39

Finger agnosia

Answer 39

Inability to identify fingers; a symptom of Gerstmann syndrome.

Question 40

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 40

Progressive memory loss, plaques/tangles; begins in medial temporal lobe.

Question 41

Vascular dementia

Answer 41

Stepwise decline, linked to strokes.

Question 42

Frontotemporal dementia

Answer 42

Early behavioural or language decline.

Question 43

Lewy body dementia

Answer 43

Includes hallucinations, parkinsonism, fluctuating cognition.

Question 44

Huntington’s disease

Answer 44

Inherited; causes movement, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms.

Question 45

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Answer 45

Autoimmune demyelinating disease; linked to EBV, low vitamin D, smoking.

Question 46

Dementia (general)

Answer 46

Significant cognitive decline impairing independence.

Question 47

Hypokinetic-Rigid Syndromes

Answer 47

Loss of movement and rigidity due to basal ganglia issues. Example: Parkinson's disease with dopamine reduction, resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity, postural issues, treated with l-dopa or DBS.

Question 48

Hyperkinetic-Dystonic Syndromes

Answer 48

Excessive and involuntary movements due to basal ganglia dysfunction.

Question 49

Tourette's syndrome

Answer 49

Characterized by motor tics, inarticulate vocalizations and vocal tics such as echolalia and sometimes coprolalia.

Question 50

Amnesia

Answer 50

Memory loss from medial temporal damage.

Question 51

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 51

Cannot form new memories.

Question 52

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 52

Cannot recall past events.

Question 53

Transient global amnesia

Answer 53

Sudden, temporary loss of memory.

Question 54

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 54

Due to thiamine deficiency, often from alcoholism.

Question 55

Gerstmann syndrome

Answer 55

Finger agnosia, left-right confusion, agraphia, dyscalculia; damage to left angular gyrus.

Question 56

Bálint’s syndrome

Answer 56

Simultanagnosia, optic ataxia, poor visual fixation; bilateral parietal lesions.