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Neurophysiology & Human Behaviour > Disorders > Flashcards

Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Strabismus

A
  • Symptoms:

Misalignment of 2 eyes

Causes: Congenital/neurological disorders

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2
Q

Amblyopia

A
  • Symptoms: Reduction in visual acuity for one eyes despite no abnormality in actual structure of eyes (so cannot be corrected by spectacles)
  • Causes: Defect in one eye early in childhood (e.g. strabismus, eye-patch, astigmatism) results in malformation of ocular dominance columns in V1 associated with that eye)
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3
Q

Achromotopsia

A
  • Symptoms: Inability to see any colours except for black, white and shades of grey
  • Causes: Lesion in V4
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4
Q

Prosopagnosia

A
  • Symptoms: Inability to recognise faces
  • Causes: Lesion in infratemporal cortex
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5
Q

Akinetopsia

A
  • Symptoms: Inability to see movement
  • Causes: Lesion in V5 & V5a
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6
Q

Protanopia

A
  • Symptoms: Inability to see light of long wavelengths (i.e., red)
  • Causes: Absence of red cone
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7
Q

Deuteranopia

A
  • Symptoms: Inability to see light of medium wavelengths
  • Causes: Absence of green cones
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8
Q

Tritanopia

A
  • Symptoms: Inability to see light of short wavelengths (i.e. blue)
  • Causes: Absence of blue cones
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9
Q

Protanomaly

A
  • Symptoms: Patients sees ‘less’ red than normal person
  • Causes: The red cone has a yellow-shifted absorption spectrum so more red is needed to stimulate it by the same amount as normal red cone
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10
Q

Deuteranomaly

A
  • Symptoms: Patients sees ‘less’ green than normal
  • Causes: Yellow shifted green cones means that more green is needed to stimulate it by the same amount compared to normal.
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11
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A
  • Symptoms:
    1. Failure for sound from environment to reach cochlear transduction mechanism
    2. Decreased air conduction but bone conduction unaffected.
  • Causes:
    1. Ear wax in external auditory meatus
    2. Otitis media
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12
Q

Sensorineural hearning loss

A
  • Symptoms:
    1. Failure for sound to be transducted/relayed to the cortical hearing centres
    2. Decreased air and bone conduction
  • Causes:
    1. Presbycusis
    2. Excessively loud noises
    3. Meniere’s disease
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13
Q

Asterognosis

A
  • Symptoms: Inability to judge shape of object based on tactile sensation
  • Causes: Lesion in posterior parietal cortex
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14
Q

Upper motor neurone disorder

A

Symptoms:

  1. Spastic paralysis
  2. Hypertonia
  3. Hyper-reflexia (release of primitive reflexes such as suckling reflex and Babinski’s reflex)
  4. Clonus

Cause:

  • Damage to CNS motor structures (fibres preceeding motor neurones) including:
    1. M1
    2. CST (both brainstem and spinal cord)
    3. Corticobulbar tract
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15
Q

Lower motor neurone disorder

A

Symptoms:

  1. Flaccid paralysis
  2. Hypotonia
  3. Hyporeflexia

Causes:

  1. Motor neurone disease (ALS)
  2. Guillain-Barré disease
  3. Poliomyelitis
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16
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Symptoms:

  1. Resting tremors
  2. Hypertonia
  3. Bradykinesia
  4. Shuffling gait

Cause: Degeneration of DA neurones in SNpc

17
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Symptoms:

  1. Chorea (random, jerk-like movements)
  2. Chewing/swallowing difficulties
  3. Cognitive decline
  4. Behavioural changes

Causes: Degeneration of striatal GABAintergic neurones

18
Q

Cerebellar lesion

A

Symptoms:

  1. Dysdiadochokinesia
  2. Dysmetria
  3. Decomposition of movements
  4. Scanning speech

Causes: Lesion of cerebellum

19
Q

Urbach-Weithe syndrome

A

Symptoms: Emotional disturbances such as absence of fear

Causes: Bilateral calcification of the amygdala and surrounding regions of medial temporal lobe

20
Q

Mesial temporal sclerosis

A

Symptoms: Intractable temporal lobe epilepsy

Causes: Epileptic focus located in the hippocampus

21
Q

Medial temporal lobe amensia

A

Symptoms:

  1. Severe anterograde amnesia
  2. Mild retrograde amnesia

Causes: Damage to medial temporal lobe structures (mainly hippocampus)

22
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Symptoms:

  1. Severe anterograde amnesia
  2. Mild retrograde amnesia

Causes: Damage to diencephalon as result of thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency due to chronic alcoholism

23
Q

Meniere’s disease

A
  • Symptoms:
    1. Vertigo
    2. Tinnitus
    3. Hearing loss
    4. Pressure
  • Causes: Unknown (could be due to build-up of endolymph)
24
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Symptoms: Sudden attacks of REM sleep during the day coupled with cataplexy (loss of motor control)

Causes: Mutations in orexin

25
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A

Symptoms: Obsessive behaviours such as repetitive hand washing and ritualistic daily activities.

Causes: Defects in the 5-HT system

26
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Symptoms:

  1. Patients cannot speak fluently or repeat sentences
  2. Patients can comprehend most sentences, but not gramatically complex sentences

Causes: Damage to Broca’s area (left inferior posterior frontal lobe), deep structures and surrounding areas

27
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Symptoms:

  1. Patients can speak fluently, but speech is nonsensical
  2. Patients have problems understanding language

Causes: Damage to Wernicke’s area (left posterior superior temporal lobe)

28
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Symptoms:

  1. No deficits in speech comprehension/production
  2. Deficit in repeating sentences

Causes: Damage to left superior temporal lobe (areas between Broca’s and Wernicke’s area)

29
Q

Global aphasia

A

Symptoms: Combination of Broca’s, Wernicke’s and conduction aphasias

Causes: Widespread damage to the left hemisphere

30
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia

A

Symptoms: As with Wernicke’s aphasia except sentences can be repeated.

Causes: Damage to cortex posterior/inferior to Wernicke’s area.

31
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia

A

Symptoms: As with Broca’s aphasia, but can repeat sentences.

Causes: Damage to cortical regions anterior/superior to Broca’s area (e.g. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area).

32
Q

Unilateral neglect

A

Symptoms: Patients are unable to attend to items on one side of the visual field (usually left)

Causes: Unilateral parietal lobe (usually right) lesion

33
Q

Unilateral extinction

A

Symptoms: Patients are able to attend to single items on both sides of visual field but are unable to attend to multiple items presented on both sides (usually neglecting items on affected side when item presented on contralateral side)

Causes: Unilateral parietal lobe (usually right) lesion

34
Q

Balint’s syndrome

A

Symptoms:

  1. Simultanagnosia: Failure to perceive multiple objects simultaneously
  2. Oculomotor apraxia (fixity of gaze): Difficulty diverting overt attention quickly between objects
  3. Optic ataxia: Inability to guide hands towards an object using visual cues

Causes: Lesions of bilateral parietal lobes

Neurophysiology & Human Behaviour (20 decks)

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