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662 > Dislipidemia > Flashcards

Dislipidemia Flashcards

1
Q

Dyslipidemias include?

A

High LDL

Low HDL

High TG

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2
Q

Chylomicrons?

A
  • Transport fatty acids and cholesterol from the intestine to the liver
  • TG rich
  • Clears from the blood stream within 12 hours
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3
Q

Lipoprotein Analysis should be done when patient has?

A

Fasted for 9-12 hours

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4
Q

Along with age and family history risk factors for CHD include?

A

Hypertension or on HTN meds

Low HDL

male- <40mg/d

FM- <50 mg/dl

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5
Q

C-reactive protein or CRP is what type of marker?

What are the ACC/AHA guidelines?

A

Inflammatory marker

hsCRP

< 1 mg/l= low risk

1-3= moderate

>3 is high risk

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6
Q

Normal levels of Lp (a) are?

How can it be treated?

A

< 30 or 75 nmol/L

Niacin, Estrogens, PCSK9-I

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7
Q

Vit D insuffieciency is linked to?

A

CHD and total mortality

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8
Q

Combined cholesterolemia is?

A

High TG and Cholesterol

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9
Q

Mixed Dyslipidemia is?

A

High TG and low HDL

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10
Q

What are the two types of Familial Hypercholesterolemia?

A

Heterozygous

Homozygous

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11
Q

What are the secondary causes of Hypercholesterolemia?

A
  1. DM
  2. Obese
  3. Alcohol
  4. Hypothyroidism
  5. HIV
  6. Liver impairment
  7. CKD
  8. Pregnancy
  9. Menopause
  10. Autoimmune dissorders
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12
Q

LDL-C

Desirable?

very high

A

<100

>190

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13
Q

TG levels?

Normal?

very high?

A

<150

>= 500

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14
Q

Non HDL Cholesterol

Desirable?

Very high

A

<130

>= 220

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15
Q

Drug induced Dyslipidemia?

Thiazides

BBs

Estrogens

Atypical

Steroids

Cyclosporine

Protease inhibitors

Retinoids

A
  • ^LDL and TGs
  • Decrease HDL, ^ TGs
  • ^HDL and TGs, decrease LDL
  • decrease HDL ^TGs
  • ^LDL and TGs
  • ^LDL and TGs
  • ^LDL and TGs, Decrease HDL
  • ^LDL and TGs, decrease HDL
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16
Q

The 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline Key Points?

A
  1. Encourage adherence of a heart healthy lifestyle
  2. Statins are recommended for adults in groups demonstrated to benefit
  3. Engage in Clinic patient discussion before initiating statin therapy
  4. Initiate the appropriate intensity of statin therapy to reduce ASCVD risk
  5. Used Pooled cohort equation for estimating 10-ASCVD risk
  6. Evidence is inadequate to support specific LDL ot non HDL goals
  7. Nonstatin drug therapy may be considered in selected individuals
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17
Q

NHLBI

A

Recommendations based on RCT evidence

Less expert opinion than in prior guidelines

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18
Q

The changes from ATP-III

A
  • Dont focus on specific LDL or non HDL goals
    • Obtain a lipid panel to monitor adherence
  • Use medications proven to reduce ASCVD risk
    • Moderate to high intensity statin
  • Four Statin-Benefit groups
  • Risk decisions in primary prevention
    • Optimal lifestyle
    • Clinic patietn discussion-shared decision making
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19
Q

What is the first statin benefit group?

A

Clinical ASCVD

  • MI, Angina, Revascularization
  • Stroke
  • Peripheral Vascular Disease
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20
Q

2nd Statin benefit group?

A

LDL-C >= 190 and >= 21 years

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21
Q

3rd statin benefit group?

A

DM: Age 40-75 years, LDL-C 70-189 mg/dL

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22
Q

4th statin benefit group

A

Primary Prevention

  • Risk calculator >= 7.5% 10 year
    • No DM
    • Age 40-75
    • LDL-C 70-189 mg/dL
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23
Q

Summary of statin initiation recommendation to Reduce ASCVD risk

Is the patient older than 21 and have ASCVD?

If so is the patient older than 75?

A

if older than 21 and less than 75 initiate high-intensity statin therapy

Patient is greater than 75 or not a canidate for High-intensity initiate moderate intensity

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24
Q

Summary of statin initiation recommendation to Reduce ASCVD risk

Does the patient not have ASCVD?

A

Then if patient has a LDL >=190 initiate high intensity therpay

If it is not that high but the patient has DM with an LDL 70-189 age 40-75 Initiate moderate statin

But if the patient calculated risk is >=7.5% then initiate high intensity therapy

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25
Q

Summary of statin initiation recommendation to Reduce ASCVD risk

If the patient does not fit initial criteria move to primary prevention

A

If patient if patient has LDL 70-189 and not receiving statin therpay

Calculate their 10 year risk factor

If >= 7.5% Moderate to High intenesity

5-less than 7.5 Moderate intensity

But during this time Clinicial-patient discussion must be made to decide if statin is the best choice for the patient. If no Encourage healthy lifestyle and manage other risk factors

IF yes to statin do the same and initiate appropriate statin intensity.

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26
Q

High intensity statin therapy include what two drugs and what doses?

A

Atorvastatin 40 up to 80 mg

Rosuvastatin 20 up to 40 mg

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27
Q

Moderate intensity statin therapy drugs

A

Atorvastatin 10

Rosuvastatin 5

Simvastatin

Pravastatin

lovastatin

Fluvastatin

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28
Q

Low intensity statin therapy?

A

Pravastatin 20 mg lower than moderate

Lovastatin 20mg loser than Moderate

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29
Q

ASCVD risk estimator

>= 7.5%?

A

Moderate high intensity statin

30
Q

Patients not in the benefit group what helps make clinical decisions?

A
  • Familial Hx
  • Elevated lifetime risk
  • LDL >= 160
  • CRP >= 2.0
    • CAC score >= 300
31
Q

If patient is tolerant to therapy statin therapy when should you follow up?

32
Q

To Lower LDL a patient should start eating?

Shouldnt eat?

A

Veggies, Fruits, whole grains, low fat dairy, poultry, fish, olive oil and nuts

Sweets, sugar sweetend beverages and red meats

Restrict saturated and trans fats

33
Q

What type of exercise should patients do>

A

aerobic activity 3-4 sessions weekly

40 minutes per session

34
Q

Weight reduction and physical activity can have the biggest impact on?

A

Lowering TGs

35
Q

Smoking cessation lowers your risk for what dramatically?

36
Q

Estrogens can lower LDL but they also increase?

37
Q

Plant stanols a type of plant cholesterol can reduce?

38
Q

Bile Acid Resins names

A

Colesevelam

Cholestyramine

Colestipol

39
Q

Bile acid resins increase LDL receptor activity as a result these?

A

Reduce LDL but have also been known to increase HDL and TG

40
Q

What are some adverse effects of Bile acid resins like, Colesevelam, Choletyramine, Colestipol

These can also interact with?

A

Poor taste, GI dicomfort

DI with digoxin, levothyroxine, thiazides, warfarin, BBs,

41
Q

Nicotinic Acid or Niacin does what?

Move everything

A

Moves everything in the right direction

42
Q

Adverse effects of Niacin?

A

Flushing is the main one and it can also increase uric acid and blood glucose

can also cause hepatotoxicity but only with the sustained release forms increases AST and ALT

43
Q

Niacin interacts with what drugs?

Disease interactions?

A

Statins and fibrates

DM, gout (uric acid0, PUD

44
Q

With niacin dosing what should you do?

A

Start low and go slow

45
Q

Fibrates?

What do they do?

A

Gemfibrozil

Clofibrate

Fenofibrate

Fenofibric Acid

Lower hepatic TG production and VLDL synthesis

46
Q

Fibrate AE?

DI?

A

Gallstones, pancreatitis

Increase LFT, myalgias

GI distress

These increase myopathy with statins (gemfibrozil)

Increase prothrombin time in warfarin patients

47
Q

Cholesterol absorption inhibitor?

48
Q

Ezitimibe can be used?

A

As a therapy of its own or added to a statin

49
Q

What is the action of Ezetimibe?

A

Selectively blocks intestinal absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol

NPC1-Like 1

50
Q

Ezetimibe reduces was type of cholesterol?

A

LDL and TG

also increases HDL

51
Q

Ezetimibe has a DI with?

AE

A

Cholestertyramine

More GI complaints compared to placebo

52
Q

Statins inhibit?

A

HMG CoA reductase

Increase LDL receptor activity

this decreases LDL and TG and increases HDL

53
Q

AE of Statins?

A
  • Myopathy
  • Rhabdomyolysis
  • increases AST and ALT
  • Glucose impairment
  • GI abdominal pain, cramping, farts
  • Sleep disturbances
54
Q

Statin DIs

A
  • These DIs increase myopathy
    • Itraconazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole
    • Amiodarone
    • Verapamil, Diltiazem
    • Erythromycin, clarithromycin
    • Grapefruit juice
    • Cyclosporine
    • Gemfibrozil
    • Kind of niacin and Fenofibrate
  • Warfarin elevated prothrombin time
55
Q

Patients can be predisposed to Adverse effects what are some ways?

A
  • Multiple or serious comorbidities, impaired renal or hepatic function
  • Hx of previous statin intolerance or muscle disorders
  • Unexplained ALT elevations >= time ULN
  • Use of drugs affecting statin metabolism
  • Age >75
  • Asian ancestry
56
Q

It is important to check ____ function at baseline

A

Hepatic function at baseline

57
Q

Decreasing the statin dose is reasonable if LDL levels fall below ___ two times

58
Q

It may be harmful to initiate ____ at 80 mg or increase to ___ mg

A

Simvostatin to 80

59
Q

Fish oil dosing?

A

Cardioprotective 1000-2000 mg EPA/DHA

Dylipidemia 2000-5000 mg

60
Q

Fish oil is MOA?

A

Antiplatelet

Antiinflammatory

TG lowering

Antiarrhythmic

AntiHTN

61
Q

Precription fish oil products?

A

Lovaza

Vascepa

Epanova

62
Q

Increase the dose of ____ gradually has been known to decrease?

A

Fish oil has been known to decrease SE

63
Q

PCSK9 Inhibitors can drastically decrease?

A

LDL levels and can also decrease TG some

64
Q

Mipomersen does what?

A

Decreases secretion of apo B containing lipoproteins from the liver

adjunct therapy with lipid lowering meds

65
Q

Lomitapide?

A

MTP inhibitor that decreases lipoprotein production

66
Q

Management of reduced HDL levels <40

A
  • First deal with LDL
  • Intensify non-pharm
    • Exercise
    • Diet/weight
    • SMoking
  • Acheive non-HDL goal
  • RCT data doesnt support treatment
  • Niacin and fibrates can increase HDL
67
Q

You should treat LDL first unless TGs are >= ___?

68
Q

High TGs are associated with?

Treatment?

A

Artherosclerosis

  • Fat restrictions
  • focus on good carbs
  • etoh restriction
  • weight reduction
  • DM control
  • Fibrates, niacin, fish oil, statins
69
Q

Indications for LDL Apheresis?

A
  1. Hypercholesterolemic homozygotes with LDL > 500
  2. Heterozygotes with LDL > 300
  3. Heterozygotes with LDL > 200 with documented CHD
70
Q

The Improve-it study concluded that?

A

Addition of Ezitimibe with Simvostatin did in fact reduce LDL better than monotherapy of just statin

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