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Respiratory (PATH) > Diseases of the upper airways > Flashcards

Diseases of the upper airways Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the upper airways?

A

Nasal cavities
Sinuses
Pharynx
Guttural pouch

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2
Q

Give examples of developmental abnormalities of the upper airways

A

Cleft palate
Guttural pouch tympany
Brachycephalic airway syndrome

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3
Q

What causes a cleft palate and what does this lead to?

A

Failure to close palatine shelves

Aspiration of food

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4
Q

What is guttural pouch tympany?

A

Nasopharyngeal opening defect - lead to air in guttural pouch

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5
Q

What are the consequences of guttural pouch tympany?

A

Air causes pressure in guttural pouch

Dyspnoea, dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia

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6
Q

What is brachycephalic airway syndrome?

A

Combination of problems: stenotic nares, elongated soft palate and everted laryngeal saccules

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7
Q

What are the consequences of brachycephalic airway syndrome?

A

Obstructed airways
Cyanosis
Syncope

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8
Q

What can cause inflammatory conditions of the URT?

A

Irritants and allergens (pollen, dust, fomites)
Foreign bodies
Parasites
Infectious agents

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9
Q

What are the most common inflammations of the URT?

A

Rhinitis
Sinusitis
Pharyngitis

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10
Q

What is a circulatory disturbance of the URT?

A

Epistaxis - nosebleed

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11
Q

What can cause epistaxis?

A

Inflammation, infection, trauma, neoplasia, clotting defects

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12
Q

How is acute inflammation classified?

A 
By type of exudate:
Serous 
Catarrhal 
Fibrinous 
Purulent
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13
Q

What are the 2 main responses of the URT to acute inflammation?

A

Vasodynamic changes - redness, swelling, exudate

Increased serous/mucous secretions

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14
Q

What is the mildest form of acute inflammation?(remember: classified by exudates)

A

Serous

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15
Q

Describe the exudate present with serous acute inflammation. What can cause this serous exudate?

A

Clear, watery discharge (no cells)

Increased production from mucoserous glands, mucosal hyperaemia and oedema

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16
Q

After serous acute inflammation, what is the next type of exudate? Describe the exudate

A

Catarrhal

Viscous, mucoid

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17
Q

What causes catarrhal exudate? What cells does it contain?

A

Increased mucoserous secretions

Few numbers of inflammatory cells

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18
Q

Describe fibrinous exudate

A

Thick
Fibrinous
Haemorrhage

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19
Q

What causes fibrinous exudate?

A

Severe injury
Causes dramatic increase in vascular permeability
+/- necrosis

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20
Q

What is the most severe form of acute inflammation (remember: classified by exudate)?

A

Purulent (suppurative)

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21
Q

Describe purulent exudate. Does it contain cells?

A

Thick
White/green brown
Often accompanied by necrosis
Yes: many inflammatory cells (mainly neutrophils) and sloughing of epithelial tissues

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22
Q

What are the pathological changes present with chronic inflammation of the URT?

A

Mucosal hyperplasia
Epithelial metaplasia
Chronic inflammation cells
Fibroplasia

23
Q

What cells are seen with chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells

24
Q

Epithelial metaplasia is seen with chronic inflammation of the URT. Describe the epithelium changes

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium replaced by stratified squamous

CC-SS

25
Q

Name an inflammatory condition of the URT often seen in horses and cats

A

Nasal and nasopharyngeal polyps

26
Q

What are the 2 different outcomes of acute inflammation?

A 
Healing and resolution 
Chronic inflammation (if insult persists)
27
Q

Where do nasal/nasopharyngeal polyps arise and extend to in cats?

A

Arise in auditory tube or tympanic bulla

Extend into pharynx or external ear canal

28
Q

Neoplasia in the URT is most common in which age group of dogs? What % of these neoplasms are malignant?

A

Middle aged to elderly

80%

29
Q

What breeds have increased risk of URT neoplasia?

A

Bassets
Shetland sheepdog and Old English sheepdog
Airedales
German shorthair pointer

30
Q

What neoplasms can be seen in the URT?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma
Lymphoma

31
Q

What is a squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Cancer of lining of epithelium

32
Q

What is an adenocarcinoma?

A

Cancer of glands in epithelium

33
Q

What is a chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma?

A

Cancer of cartilage

Cancer of bone

34
Q

What is cancer of connective tissue called?

A

Fibrosarcoma

35
Q

What is a lymphoma?

A

Cancer of the lymphoid tissue

36
Q

Give examples of a bovine viral agent associated with URT inflammation

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

37
Q

What virus causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

Bovine herpes virus 1

38
Q

What factors can affect IBR? (Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)

A

Overcrowding

Stress

39
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of IBR

A

Inhaled and infects nasal and conjunctival epithelial cells
Virus replicates and disseminated throughout respiratory tract
Inflammatory response

40
Q

What are the symptoms of IBR?

A

Conjunctival and nasal hyperaemia
Serous or catarrhal exudate
Severe cases - fibrinous inflammation and necrosis of mucosa

41
Q

How does IBR lead to secondary infections? How are these resolved?

A

Damaged mucociliary escalator
Impairs defence
Causes secondary infections
Influx of neutrophils and purulent discharge
Cell mediated immunity response causes healing within 10-14 days

42
Q

Give examples of equine URT viruses

A

Equine herpes virus 1&4

Equine influenza virus

43
Q

Give examples of feline URT viruses

A 
Feline calicivirus (flu) 
Feline herpes virus 1 (flu)
44
Q

Give examples of canine URT viruses

A

Canine distemper
Canine adenovirus 2
Canine parainfluenza virus

45
Q

Give an example of a bacterial agent associated with URT inflammation in horses

A

Streptococcus equi

strangles

46
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of strangles

A

Infection from contaminated feed, air or exudate
Colonisation of nasal mucosa
Initially serous nasal discharge becomes purulent
Rapid spread to LNs

47
Q

Which lymph node is primarily involved in strangles? What happens if this ruptures?

A

Retropharyngeal

Infection spreads into surrounding tissues including guttural pouch, can cause empyema

48
Q

Give an example of a bacterial associated with URT inflammation n pigs

A

Pasturella multocida

49
Q

What does Pasturella multocida cause in pigs?

A

Progressive atrophic rhinitis

Severe atrophy of nasal turbinates - shortening and distortion of snout

50
Q

Pasturella multocida in pigs can be facilitated by pre-infection with what agents?

A

Bordatella bronchiseptica

Porcine cytomegalovirus

51
Q

Give an example of a fungal agent associated with inflammation of the URT. What species can this be in?

A

Aspergillus fumigates

Dogs, horses and birds

52
Q

What does aspergillus fumigates cause in horses?

A

Guttural pouch mycosis

Leads to severe unilateral inflammation and necrosis

53
Q

What are the complications of Aspergillus fumigates infection in horses? (Think of adjacent structures

A

Cranial nerve damage

Erosion of internal carotid artery and haemorrhage (can be fatal)

Respiratory (PATH) (6 decks)

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