Disease of the larynx and trachea Flashcards
What are 2 developmental abnormalities of the trachea?
Hypoplastic trachea
Tracheal collapse
What is a hypoplastic trachea?
Decreased tracheal luminal diameter
What is tracheal collapse?
Dorsoventral flattening of the cartilage rings - oval shaped rather than circular
Which dogs are most affected by tracheal collapse?
Miniature and toy breeds
Which species experience laryngeal paralysis? Are these unilateral or bilateral?
Horses - unilateral
Dogs - bilateral
Can occur in other species
What can cause laryngeal paralysis?
Idiopathic neuronal degeneration
Congenital nerve abnormalities
Toxins
Nerve compression or irritation (by trauma, enlarged LNs, neoplasms)
Which nerve is damaged during laryngeal paralysis? What are the results of this?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Atrophy of cricoarytenoid
Flaccid arytenoid cartilage (roaring and whistling)
Give an example of a circulatory disturbance affecting the larynx
Laryngeal oedema
What causes laryngeal oedema?
Local trauma (intubation) Irritants Acute respiratory infections Laryngeal chondrites Anaphylaxis/allergies
Tracheitis and laryngitis lead to what physiological changes?
Mucosal hyperaemia
Oedema
Ulceration with serous/catarrhal exudate
What can be a complication of tracheitis/laryngitis?
Airway obstruction
Inhalation of debris
What can cause tracheitis/laryngitis?
Infectious agents Trauma Irritants Foreign bodies Parasites
What is laryngeal necrobacillosis?
Calf diphtheria - secondary infection due to mucosal damage
What agent causes laryngeal necrobacillosis?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
What are the consequences of laryngeal necrobacillosis?
Ulcerative necrosis of larynx
Death due to toxaemia, asphyxiation and aspiration pneumonia
