Disease of the bronchi and bronchioles Flashcards
Anatomical factors render the bronchioles vulnerable to insult. How does a lack of supporting cartilage make bronchioles prone to insult?
Lack of supporting cartilage means fewer cilia and less mucus
Leads to poor mucociliary defences
What are causes of acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis?
Infectious agents Irritants Allergens Foreign bodies Parasites
How does bronchiolitis result in polyps?
Loss of epithelium
Attachment of exudate to basement membrane
Epithelium repairs but exudate infiltrated by fibroblasts
Forms polyp
Bronchiolitis can result in the formation of polyps. What can severe bronchiolitis cause, and what is this?
Bronchiolitis obliterans
Epithelium covers the polyp = permanent obstruction in bronchiolar lumen
What are causes of chronic bronchitis and bronchiolitis?
Chronic or repeated infections
Parasitic disease
Allergic disease
Chronic bronchitis/bronchiolitis causes thickening of mucosa. Why?
Epithelial hyperplasia/metaplasia
Bronchial gland hyperplasia
Smooth muscle hyperplasia
Inflammatory cells and fibrosis
What causes increased mucus production during chronic bronchitis and bronchiolitis?
Bronchial gland hyperplasia
Bronchial goblet cell hyperplasia
Goblet cell metaplasia
Chronic bronchitis can cause complete or partial obstruction of airways. What are the consequences of this?
Dyspnoea Cough Increased respiratory noises Lung collapse Over-inflation of lung Hypoxia
Brochiectesis is a possible sequel to chronic bronchitis. What is bronchiectesis?
Obstruction of lumen by exudate
Causes necrosis of bronchial wall
Permanent dilation of bronchus
What parasite in cattle can cause bronchitis?
Lungworm: dictyocaulus viviparus
What does COPD stand for? What species is it particular common in?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Horses
COPD is commonly known as heaves. What causes it?
Immune mediated hypersensitivity response (Type III) to inhaled allergens in mouldy hay
Asthma like
Which part of the respiratory tract is most affected by COPD?
Bronchioles
What are the symptoms of COPD?
Cough Mucopurulent exudate Exercise intolerance Forceful expiration Abdominal muscle hypertrophy
What are the physiological changes associated with COPD?
Increased mucus production
Mucosal thickening
Peribronchial fibrosis
Bronchospasm
