Diseases Of The Penis, Non-neoplastic Testis And Epidiymis Flashcards
Hypospadias vs epispadias
Malformation of the urethral groove and urethral canal
Ventral surface = hypospadias
- more common (occurs in 1:300 live births)
Dorsal surface = epispadias
both have increased risk for ascending UTI and urinalysis tract obstruction
Balanitis and balanoposthitis
Local inflammation of the glans penis and the overlying prepuce respectively
- posthitis = prepuce
- lanitis = head/glans
Usually due to poor hygiene and smegma being present
Most common agents:
- candidia
- gardnerella
- pyogenic bacteria
Phimosis
Is a condition in which the prepuce cannot be retracted easily over the glans penis
- usually caused by scarring stemming from balanoposthitis
Condyloma acuminatum
Benign sexually transmitted warts caused by HPV (usually type 6 or 11)
Very rarely can lead to invasive cancers
Histologically shows branching billows, papillary CT stroma that is covered by epithelium and has superficial hyperkeratosis and thickening of underlying epidermis
- most often aren’t dysplastic and usually present with cytoplasmic vacuolization of squamous cells (koliocytosis)
Squamous cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
- in situ = Bowen disease
- account for 0.4% of all male cancers
- most common in uncircumcised
- more common with poor hygiene, smoking, chronic HPV infections (especially serotypes 16/18)
- can be invasive and if so is more deadly
Verrucae caricnoma
- non-HPV related SCC
Inflammation of the scrotum skin
Usually caused by local fungal infections, systemic dermatoses or psoriasis
Hydrocele
Most common cause of scrotal swelling and is caused by accumulation of serous fluid within tunica vaginalis
- if filled with blood or lymphatic fluid is termed hematocele and chylocele respectively
Can be idiopathic or arise due to neighboring infections/tumors
Is always transluminescent
Cryptochidism
Failure of testes to descend into scrotum
- normally are done during the last 2 months of intrauterine life
Is only established after no dropping after 1 yr old
Affects 1% male population
- is bilateral in only 10% of cases (if bilateral = sterile)
Increases risk 3-5x for testicular carcinoma
- usually this occurs in the contralateral testical as well
Surgically need to bring them down after 18yrs at the latest
Nonspecific epididymitis and orchitis
Usually begins from a primary UTO that spreads to the testies via vas deferens or via lymphatic flow through the spermatic cord
- will show swollen testicle that is tender and has tons of PMNs histologically
Mumps orchitis infection
Rare and occurs in 20% of adult males with mumps
Causes testes to be edematous and congested with inflammatory infiltrate
Severe mumps orchitis can lead to necrosis of the testicle
Granulomatous orchitis
Is an autoimmune disease of the testicles that is most commonly caused by TB infectiosn
Two types of testicular torsions
1) neonatal torsion
- no anatomical defect to account for its occurrence
- usually occurs shortly after birth
Adult torsion
- sudden acute scrotum
- is often caused by a “bell clapper” deformity
- *needs to be fixed within 6 hrs for 100% safety of the testicle(s)
What are the two msot common STDs in the US?
Genital herpes and genital HPV
Syphills
Caused by treponema pallidum
- fastidious organism and only natural host is human
Can be transferred to fetus if mother is infected hematogenously
Primary = just chancre
Secondary = palmar rash, lymphadenopathy, chancre and condylomata Latium
- 25% of primary becomes this
Tertiary = gumas, neurosyphillus, aortits (increased risk for AAA/TAA)
- 33% of secondary get this
- there is always 1-2 latent period and the symptoms come on insidiously
What other disease can casue chancroid?
Haemophilus ducreyi
