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Science (Biology) > Diseases & Body Defences > Flashcards

Diseases & Body Defences Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main groups of organisms that re classed as microbes?

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses

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2
Q

How de spread, prevent & treat chlamydia? What type of disease is it?

A

Sexual intercourse
Condoms
Anti-biotics
Bacteria

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3
Q

How do we spread, prevent & treat salmonella? What type of disease is it?

A

Poor hygiene
Cook food thoroughly wash hands
Anti-biotics
Bacteria

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4
Q

How do we spread, prevent & treat tuberculosis? What type of disease is it?

A

Tiny droplets in air from coughs & sneezes
Cover mouth when coughing, BCG vaccination
Anti-biopics for 6-7 months
Bacteria

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5
Q

How do we spread, prevent & treat HIV? What type of disease is it?

A

Protected sex, infected blood
Use condoms, don’t share needles
No cure, but drugs to prolong life
Virus

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6
Q

How do we spread, prevent & treat cold & flu? What type of disease is it?

A

Coughing & sneezing as it’s airborne
Flu vaccination, cover mouth
Paracetamol, rest, hydration
Virus

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7
Q

How do we spread, prevent & treat HPV? What type of disease is it?

A

Unprotected sex
Condoms
HPV vaccine
Virus

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8
Q

How do we spread, prevent & treat athlete’s foot? What type of disease is it?

A

Contaminated towels
Reduce contact in areas with spores, wear flip-flops
Anti-fungal spray
Fungi

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9
Q

How do we spread, prevent & treat potato blight? What type of disease is it?

A

Spores spread in air from plant to plant, particularly in warm & humid conditions
Crop rotation, good drainage
Stay plants with fungicide
Fungi

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10
Q

What defences do our bodies have to disease?

A

Skin - protective, waterproof barrier to prevent microbes entering
Mucous membranes - in respiratory tract; microbes get trapped in mucus
Blood clotting - if we cut ourselves, blood will clot and form scab

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11
Q

If microbes get past our defences, what will fight them?

A

WBCs

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12
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

A type of WBC; it produces chemicals called antibodies to help fight disease

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13
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Chemicals that are produced in response to proteins on surface of organism causing disease, called antigens
All antibodies are specific - it can only fight one type of antigen, therefore you make different antibodies for each disease you have

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14
Q

What is the antibody-antigen reaction?

A

Causes the clumping of the microbe & reduces spread of disease & reduces symptoms of disease

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15
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Engulf clumped microbes & digest them, called phagocytosis

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16
Q

Give a summary of what happens when microbes enter the blood?

A
  1. Microbes enter the blood
  2. Lymphocytes (WBCs) make antibodies
  3. Antibodies attach to microbes’ antigens, antibodies are complementary shape to antigens
  4. This causes microbes to clump together
  5. Phagocytes engulf & digest clumped microbes in process called phagocytosis
  6. After infection, body produces memory cells (or lymphocytes), that stay in body for long time. If body is attacked by same disease, they respond quickly & produce rapid bodily response.
17
Q

What is active immunity & passive immunity? What do they look like on graphs?

A

Active - body makes its own antibodies, e.g. contracts disease
Antibody rises slowly, as body is producing them but last for long time
Passive - artificial: body given ready-made antibodies via injection.
Natural: from breast milk, placenta
Antibodies act very quickly, but are short lasting

18
Q

How has the overuse of antibiotics resulted in antibiotics resistant bacteria?

A

Survival of the fittest

19
Q

Why are superbugs (MRSA) a particular risk in hospitals?

A

Hospitals are antibiotic-rich environments
Patients have already weakened immune systems
Patients may have open wounds, which could get easily infected
Microorganisms can spread easily from patient to patient

20
Q

How can hospitals stop MRSA spreading?

A

Have strict hygiene, e.g. staff washing hands between visiting patients
Isolate affected patients
Don’t overuse antibiotics

21
Q

Why are superbugs difficult to erase?

A

Either brand new or keep mutating to medication used to battle it

22
Q

Summarise how Flemming discovered penicillin

A

Mould contaminated his bacterial plates & he saw that the mould produced a chemical that killed bacteria
Produced by fungi

23
Q

How did Florey & chain help gain acceptance for penicillin?

A

They produced penicillin & gave it to policeman who had bacteria infection & bacteria were killed

24
Q

What is the order of drug development?

A

In-vitro testing
Animal testing
Clinical testing with volunteers
Licensed for use by government

25
Q

What is in-vitro testing?

A

Testing very early version of drug on living cells in lab
Expensive as it needs highly trained scientists & expensive equipment
Allows testing before use on living organisms

26
Q

What is animal testing?

A

Testing drug on whole animal, usually mammals as they’re similar to us
Benefits: can check for side effects & avoids human testing at this stage
Disadvantages: animals aren’t same as humans, so may react differently & raises ethical issues

27
Q

What is clinical testing?

A

Drug tested on human volunteers to see:
If it works on humans
Any side effects
Correct dosage

28
Q

What is licensed by government?

A

If drug works & no serious side effects, it can be licensed by government

29
Q

What can binge drinking cause? Strategies to reduce drinking?

A

Damage to liver, damage to foetus’s brain

Drink on fewer occasions, drink less each time, don’t drink alcohol until legal limit

30
Q

Why is tar harmful?

A

Causes bronchitis, emphysema & lung cancer

31
Q

Why is nicotine harmful?

A

Addictive & affects heart rate

32
Q

Why is carbon monoxide harmful?

A

Combines with RBCs to reduce oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

Science (Biology) (7 decks)

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