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Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is a non-communicable disease? - Diseases

A

A disease which isn’t transferred between organisms

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2
Q

Give 3 examples of non-communicable diseases - Diseases

A

Cancer
Diabetes
Heart disease
Genetic diseases

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease? - Diseases

A

A disease can which can be transferred from one organism to another

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4
Q

Give 4 examples of communicable diseases - Diseases

A 
HIV
Malaria
Gonorrhoea 
Rose black spot
Tobacco Mosaic virus
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5
Q

What is a cancerous cell? - Diseases

A

A cell that, when produced through mitosis, begins to divide uncontrollably, even if not required. This produces a tumour

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6
Q

Describe the characteristics of benign tumours - Diseases

A

Grow slowly, within a membrane meaning they can be easily removed. Do not invade other parts of the body.

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7
Q

Describe the characteristics of a malignant tumour - Diseases

A

Grows quickly, invading neighbouring cells and tissues. Can spread in the bloodstream. Cancer cells can detach and form secondary tumours. CALLED METASTASIS

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8
Q

What can cause cancer? - Diseases

A 
Viruses like HPV through sex
Smoking (exposure to carcinogens)
Alcohol intake
Exposure to ionising or UV radiation 
Eating processed and fatty foods
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9
Q

How does smoking increase the risk of cardiovascular disease? - Diseases

A

Damages the lining of arteries, encouraging the build up of fatty material
Inhalation of CO reduces the oxygen of the blood
Nicotine increases heart rate and strain on heart

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10
Q

What damage other than cancer does smoking cause? - Disease

A

Can damage the bronchioles and the alveoli
A lack of cilia hairs can cause a build up of mucus
A patient can become breathless

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11
Q

What impacts can smoking have on babies? - Disease

A

Increases the risk of a miscarriage
Increases the risk of children having respiratory issues
Affects long term intellect and growth
Increases risk of birth defects

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12
Q

Name 3 short term effects of alcohol consumption - Disease

A 
Slows reaction time
Causes difficulty in terms of mobility
Can impair memory
Slurs speech
Causes behavioural changes
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13
Q

Name 3 longer term effects of alcohol consumption - Disease

A 
Causes brain shrinkages
Leads to memory problems
Leads to psychiatric problems
May result in addiction
May result in a requirement of care
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14
Q

What are pathogens? - Disease

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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15
Q

Name the 4 types of microorganism - Disease

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Protist
Fungi

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16
Q

Describe the effects of Rose Black Spot + name what type of pathogen it is - Disease

A

FUNGUS - Makes black or purple spots on leaves, causing them to drop off. Reduces rate of photosynthesis.

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17
Q

Describe the effects of Tobacco Mosaic Virus + name what type of pathogen it is - Disease

A

VIRUS - Affects tomato plants. Infects the chloroplasts of a plant. Can mottle plant leaves in a mosaic fashion, yellows the plant tissue, stunted growth as photosynthesis is affected

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18
Q

Describe the effects of HIV + name what type of pathogen it is - Disease

A

VIRUS - causes nausea, fatigue, night sweats, rapid weight loss

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19
Q

Describe the effects of Gonorrhoea + name what type of pathogen it is - Disease

A

BACTERIA - Burning sensation when urinating, green or yellow discharge from the penis or vagina

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20
Q

Describe the effects of Malaria + name what type of pathogen it is - Disease

A

PROTIST - Fever, nausea, headaches, chills, abdominal pains

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21
Q

Describe the effects of Salmonella + name what type of pathogen it is - Disease

A

BACTERIA - Vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, headache

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22
Q

Describe the effects of Measles + name what type of pathogen it is - Disease

A

VIRUS - runny or blocked nose, sneezing, red eyes, aches and pains

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23
Q

How are HIV + Gonorrhoea spread? - Disease

A

Direct sexual contact

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24
Q

How is salmonella spread? - Disease

A

Unhygienic food preparation

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25
How is measles spread? - Disease
Coughing and sneezing in the air
26
How is rose black spot treated? - Disease
By removal of affected areas and spraying with fungicide
27
How is salmonella treated? - Disease
With a short course of antibiotics
28
How is Gonorrhoea treated? - Disease
With a short course of antibiotics
29
How is malaria prevented? - Disease
Use of mosquito nets prevents the transfer of malaria, insect repellent can be used
30
Is there a treatment for HIV? - Disease
No vaccine, but there are drugs that can be taken to allow those who live with it to live a normal length life
31
Why are viruses not classed as living? + what are they classed as? - Disease
They do not complete all of the 7 life processes | Classed as strains of viruses
32
How is Tobacco Mosaic Virus spread? - Disease
Transferred by contact between plants
33
How is malaria spread? - Disease
Malaria is spread through the transfer of infected blood, via a mosquito
34
How can the spread of disease be limited? - Disease
Using suitable hygiene in food prep Using vaccinations Using contraception to prevent the transfer of bodily fluids in sex
35
How does the skin protect against pathogens? - Disease
Covers all major organs and the majority of the body to protect from infection. PHYSICAL BARRIER
36
How do the trachea and bronchi protect against pathogens? - Disease
The throat contains cilia which wafts away mucus which collects pathogens, protecting organs
37
How does the stomach protect against pathogens? - Disease
The stomach contains acid, which is strong enough to kill any pathogens that reach the stomach through mucus. CHEMICAL BARRIER
38
How do phagocytes protect against pathogens? - Disease
They are attracted to pathogens in the blood, and they engulf and break down the pathogens. This destroys them.
39
How do lymphocytes protect against disease? - Disease
Lymphocytes have proteins called antibodies, which neutralise antigens produced by pathogens
40
What substance other than antibodies do lymphocytes produce to combat pathogens? - Disease
Lymphocytes produce antitoxins which are specific to certain toxins
41
What process is used to identify cancers? - Disease
Cancer screenings
42
Name 3 processes used to identify cancers - Disease
Cancer screenings X-Rays Blood/Urine tests Monoclonal antibodies
43
Name 3 cancer treatments and describe them - Disease
Chemotherapy - using chemicals to kill cancer cells Radiotherapy - using X-Rays to kill cancer cells Palliative care - helps a person with terminal cancer to die comfortably
44
What are vaccines? (In terms of their composition) - Disease
Vaccines are dead or weakened forms of a disease injected into a person in order to develop resistance to a disease
45
What do vaccines do? (In terms of lymphocytes) - Disease
They allow lymphocytes to produce complementary antibodies which attach to specific antigens.
46
How do primary infections and secondary infections differ in terms of antibody production? - Disease
Following the primary infection, antibody production spikes before decreasing after 10 days, whereas after the secondary infection, antibodies peak much quicker and stay in production for a long time.
47
What is herd immunity? - Disease
The protection given to a population against an outbreak of a specific disease when a very high percentage of the population have been vaccinated against it
48
What are painkillers? - Disease
Painkillers are chemicals that relieve the symptoms but do not kill pathogens
49
What are antibiotics? - Disease
Antibiotics are substances that slow down or kill bacteria. ONLY KILL BACTERIAL DISEASES
50
How do antibiotics work? (In terms of cells) - Disease
Antibiotics only damage bacterial cells, without damaging any host cells. ANTIBIOTICS ARE SPECIFIC
51
Why can’t viral diseases be cured by antibiotics? - Disease
The viruses reproduce inside host cells, and therefore are not damaged by antibiotics
52
What 3 problems are there with antibiotics? - Disease
Antibiotics are OVERUSED People often fail to complete the full course of antibiotics Antibiotics are used in farming
53
How is overuse a problem with antibiotics? - Disease
People feeling unwell expect antibiotics for small illnesses. This allows the pathogen to develop new antigens and become immune to the antibiotic resistance.
54
How is failing to complete an antibiotic course a problem? - Disease
This means that all bacteria may not be killed. As a result, any surviving bacteria can mutate into resistant strains, which spread quickly.
55
How is agricultural use a problem with antibiotics? - Disease
Antibiotics were used excessively in farming to prevent any spread of disease among livestock. This can lead to resistant diseases, which can be transmitted into human hosts
56
How can antibiotic resistance be reduced? - Disease
Only take antibiotics when necessary Use specific antibiotics for specific bacteria Use very good hygiene levels in hospitals Isolate resistant strains from other patients
57
How often can bacteria multiply? + by what type of cell division? - Disease
Bacteria replicate approximately every 20 minutes by binary fission
58
How do you calculate the number of bacteria produced for a certain population? - Disease
1. Calculate how many times one bacteria divides in 1 hour | 2. Multiply the number of original bacteria by 2 (binary fission) to the power of the number of divisions
59
How do you calculate the effectiveness of an antibiotic when using an Agar plate? - Disease
1. Find the diameter of the area cleared of bacteria, dividing it by 2 to find the radius. 2. Use Pi x Radius ^2 3. The larger the area, the more effective the antibiotic
60
What was thalidomide? - Disease
Thalidomide was a drug used in the 1950s as a sleeping pill which unofficially helped with morning sickness. It led to severe deformities in babies such as shortened or incomplete limbs
61
How is thalidomide used today? - Disease
Thalidomide is now used as a bone cancer treatment and as a treatment for leprosy. It is heavily regulated.
62
What process must drugs go through before commercial production? - Disease
Drugs must be trialled and tested before production
63
Why must drugs be tested? - Disease
In order to test their safety and effectiveness | In order to calculate their optimum dosage
64
What is the first stage of drugs testing? - Disease
The drugs are tested on skin cells in a laboratory, giving a general idea of any side effects, and potential damage they may cause
65
What is the second stage of drugs testing? - Disease
Drugs are tested in animals in the second stage. They are monitored for any side effects, and given a known dosage.
66
What is the third stage of drugs testing? - Disease
Drugs are used in clinical trials. They are tested on healthy volunteers to check they are safe. They are tested on ill people to check if they work with low doses, before increasing this to find the optimum dose
67
What are monoclonal antibodies? - Disease
Monoclonal antibodies are identical copies of one type of antibody
68
How are monoclonal antibodies formed? - Disease
Antigens are injected into a mouse. The mouse produces lymphocytes, which produce specific antibodies. Tumour cells are combined with the lymphocytes, forming hybridoma cells, producing millions of monoclonal antibodies.
69
Why are tumour cells used to create monoclonal antibodies? - Disease
They reproduce rapidly, leading to quick production of antibodies
70
How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests? - Disease
The monoclonal antibodies bind with a hormone called HCG which is only found in the urine of pregnant women. The antibodies are on the end of the stick, and if HCG is present, a colour change or symbol will indicate pregnancy.
71
What benefits are there of monoclonal antibodies? - Disease
``` They have many uses in the medical world: Tests for pregnancy Tests for STDs like HIV and AIDS Helps to treat cancer Detects the use of illegal drugs ```
72
What problems are there with monoclonal antibodies? - Disease
They cannot treat as wide a range of illnesses as originally believed They are very expensive to produce
73
What ethical issues are there with the production of monoclonal antibodies? - Disease
Some people disagree with use of mice for production | Drug trials involving monoclonal antibodies can be dangerous, with one resulting in organ failure
74
What are deficiency diseases in plants? - Disease
A disease that develops because an organism doesn’t have good access to mineral ions
75
What is an effect of NITRATE + MAGNESIUM ION deficiency? - Disease
The amount of chlorophyll in a plant decreases, resulting in the plant's leaves turning yellow or pale. This also reduces a plant's ability to photosynthesise
76
How do plants defend themselves from pathogens? - Disease
Plants covered in bark, forming a physical barrier against infection. Leaves covered with a waxy cuticle which stops cells from becoming infected. Stinging nettles have poison to stop themselves from being eaten.
77
What is different about pathogens in vaccines?
Pathogens are weakened or dead
78
What are made in response to the vaccine?
Antibodies which produce antitoxins and memory cells
79
What type of cells in the immune system produces antibodies
White blood cells
80
True or false, antibodies are made from proteins
True
81
What type of protein is used by the body to counter antigens?
Antibodies
82
What is the name of the proteins on the surface of cells?
Antigens
83
What is the name of the process where a white blood cell engulfs a pathogen?
Phagocytosis
84
Describe the process of phagocytosis
The white blood cells engulf the pathogen and destroy/ digest it.
85
What is the name of an antibody that only reacts with a highly specific antigen?
Monoclonal antibody

Biology (7 decks)

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