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Animal Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a tissue? - Animal Organisation

A

A group of cells working together to perform a certain function

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2
Q

What is an organ? - Animal Organisation

A

A group of tissues working together to perform specific functions

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3
Q

What 3 characteristics improve the effectiveness of exchange surfaces? - Animal Organisation

A

A large surface area
A short diffusion distance
A large concentration difference

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4
Q

What examples are there of a large surface area being used to increase effectiveness of transport? - Animal Organisation

A

The alveoli in a respiratory system having a large surface area
The villi in a digestive system (LONG THIN)

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5
Q

What examples are there of a short diffusion distance increasing effectiveness of transport? - Animal Organisation

A

The walls of capillaries are one cell thick

The flattened shape of structures like leaves

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6
Q

How are villi adapted to increase absorption? - Animal Organisation

A

The villi have a large surface area due to their finger-like appearance. They also have micro-villi on the end to increase absorption.

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7
Q

How is the human respiratory system adapted for absorbing oxygen and transferring CO2? - Animal Organisation

A

The ribs are protected by 12 sets of lungs
There are lots of alveoli
They are small so have a large SA:V ratio
Short diffusion distance between alveoli and capillaries

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8
Q

How are carbohydrates used and where are they sourced? - Animal Organisation

A

Used for respiration as a source of energy
Starch: potatoes, rice, bread, pasta, cereals
Sugars: Fruit, chocolate, sweets, fizzy drinks

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9
Q

What are proteins needed for and where are they sourced?

A

Growth and repair of muscles

Meat, eggs, cheese, nuts, pulses

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10
Q

How are lipids used and where are they sourced? - Animal Organisation

A

An energy source, make up cell membranes

Butter, meat, oily fish, nuts, seeds

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11
Q

What are proteins made of? - Animal Organisation

A

Amino acids

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12
Q

Why must molecules be digested and broken down? - Animal Organisation

A

Molecules are too large to pass through the gut wall and must be broken down first

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13
Q

What food test is used to detect sugars + how (what method, what colours show sugar is present?) - Food tests

A

Benedict’s solution
Heat the benedict’s solution and food in a water bath
If sugar is present, the solution goes green, red, yellow or orange

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14
Q

What food test is used to detect starch + how (what method, what colours show starch is present?) - Food tests

A

Add iodine solution to the food

Foods containing starch will turn blue-black

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15
Q

What food test is used to detect proteins + how (what method, what colour shows starch is present?) - Food tests

A

Add 1cm3 of biuret solution A to food
Mix the liquids together
Add 1cm3 of biuret solution B and mix
A purple colour indicates that protein is present

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16
Q

What enzyme helps digests starch? + where is it produced? - Enzymes

A

Pancreatic amylase

Mouth, pancreas, small intestine

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17
Q

What enzyme helps digest proteins + where is it produced? - Enzymes

A

Protease

Small intestine, stomach, pancreas

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18
Q

What enzyme helps digest fats? + where is it produced? - Enzymes

A

Lipase

Pancreas, small intestine

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19
Q

What products are there when starch is broken down + at what pH? - Enzymes

A

Glucose

pH 7

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20
Q

What products are there when protein is broken down + at what pH? - Enzymes

A

Amino acids

pH 2

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21
Q

What products are there when lipids are broken down + at what pH? - Enzymes

A

Fatty acids + glycerol

pH 7

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22
Q

Where does pancreatic amylase act? - Enzymes

A

Mouth, small intestine

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23
Q

Where does protease act? - Enzymes

A

Stomach, small intestine

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24
Q

Where does lipase act? - Enzymes

A

Small intestine

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25
Q

How is the rate of absorption increased in the villi? Where are the villi located? - Absorption

A

The surface of the villi is covered in micro-villi, increasing the SA:V ratio
Very close to capillaries, digested food absorbed straight into bloodstream
Located on the small intestine wall

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26
Q

What are enzymes? - Enzymes

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions

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27
Q

How do enzymes work? - Enzymes

A

An enzyme and substrate collide. The active site is where the 2 join, and they have a complementary shape. The breakdown of the substrate speeds up.

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28
Q

What is the theory of enzyme specificity called? - Enzymes

A

The lock + key theory

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29
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and enzyme activity? - Enzymes

A

By increasing temperature, collisions between enzymes and substrates we increased as they have increased kinetic energy

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30
Q

What is the optimum temperature for most human enzymes? - Enzymes

A

37°C, human body temperature

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31
Q

How can intense temperatures affect an enzyme? - Enzymes

A

If an enzyme’s temperatures disrupt the shape of the active site, it can denature the enzyme, preventing it from working.

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32
Q

What is the temperature at which an enzyme works best called? - Enzymes

A

The enzyme’s optimum temperature

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33
Q

What are enzymes made from? - Enzymes

A

Enzymes are made from proteins from amino acids, which are held together by weak intermolecular forces

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34
Q

What is the relationship between pH and enzyme activity? - Enzymes

A

Specific enzymes have specific pHs which can increase their optimum rate, whereas extreme differences in pH can denature an enzyme

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35
Q

How do you calculate the rate of a reaction? - Enzymes

A

1/Time taken

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36
Q

What does the liver produce to aid fat digestion? - Digestion

A

The liver produces bile, a substance which emulsifies fats to prepare them for digestion

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37
Q

What is the emulsification of fats? - Enzymes

A

The breaking down of fats into tiny droplets with a larger SA:V Ratio

38
Q

How do small organisms transport substances? - Transport

A

Diffusion

39
Q

What common features are there of transport systems? - Transport

A

Made up of tubes/vessels that carry substances

Make close contact with cells

40
Q

Name 4 substances transported in the blood - Transport

A

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Glucose, Urea, antibodies, hormones

41
Q

Where are dissolved substances like glucose and urea carried in the blood? - Transport

A

In blood plasma

42
Q

Describe the movement of blood (in terms of the heart) from oxygenated to deoxygenated - Transport

A

In through pulmonary vein, out through aorta, in through vena cava, out through pulmonary artery

43
Q

What is a double circulatory system? - Transport

A

A circulatory system which separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

44
Q

How is the back flowing of blood prevented? - Transport

A

Valves in the veins

45
Q

What faults can heart valves have? - Transport

A

May not open as wide as it should, restricting blood flow to the heart
May not close fully, allowing blood to leak into the atrium

46
Q

How can faulty heart valves be replaced? - Transport

A

A biological valve from a human donor or created from animal tissues
A mechanical valve made from durable materials

47
Q

Where are pacemaker cells located? - Transport

A

In the right atrium

48
Q

What is the function of the pacemaker cells? - Transport

A

They generate electrical signals that make the heart contract independently of the nervous system

49
Q

When might an artificial pacemaker be needed? - Transport

A

If the rhythm of the heart’s natural pacemaker becomes disrupted, and it can be abnormally slow or fast or irregular

50
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker? - Transport

A

A small, battery operated device, implanted in the chest, that sends out regular electrical impulses, producing normal heart contractions

51
Q

Which directions do veins carry blood in? what type of blood? under what pressure? - Transport

A

Veins carry blood towards the heart, carrying deoxygenated blood, apart from the pulmonary vein. Under low pressure.

52
Q

What type of walls do veins have, and what type of lumen? - Transport

A

Veins have thin walls with less muscular tissue. They have a wide lumen.

53
Q

Which directions do arteries carry blood in? what type of blood? under what pressure? - Transport

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, carrying oxygenated blood, apart from the pulmonary artery. Carry blood under high pressure.

54
Q

What type of walls do arteries have, and what type of lumen? - Transport

A

Arteries have thick, muscular walls, with narrow lumens

55
Q

How do capillaries easily allow the transport of molecules? - Transport

A

The walls of capillaries are only 1 cell thick

56
Q

What is plasma? - Transport

A

A straw coloured liquid, carrying cells and cell fragments, which makes up over half of blood’s volume

57
Q

Name 3 blood cell parts carried in plasma - Transport

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelet fragments

58
Q

What is the purpose of platelets? - Transport

A

Allows blood to clot, forming scabs

59
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells? - Transport

A

They ingest pathogens and produce antibodies

60
Q

What is the purpose of red blood cells? - Transport

A

They transport oxygen in the blood needed for aerobic respiration

61
Q

What are phagocytes? - Transport

A

Phagocytes are white blood cells which engulf and destroy pathogens in the blood. This is called phagocytosis

62
Q

What are lymphocytes? - Transport

A

White blood cells which produce antibodies

63
Q

What are antibodies? - Transport

A

A protein produced by the immune system in animals that attack antigens. They are specific to different pathogens

64
Q

What is coronary heart disease? - Transport

A

Coronary heart disease is the build up of fatty material in the coronary arteries, which can restrict blood + oxygen supply to the heart

65
Q

What are statins? Who uses them? What disadvantages are there? - Transport

A

Statins are drugs that help lower cholesterol by lowering cholesterol production in the liver. Used by people with heart disease. Taken long term, cannot be used if pregnant or breastfeeding. Can result in memory loss, type 2 diabetes.

66
Q

What is a vascular stent? Who uses them? What disadvantages are there? - Transport

A

Stents open up blocked coronary arteries, maintaining blood flow. Long term solution. Made from metal alloys. Used when drugs aren’t effective. Risk of heart attacks/strokes

67
Q

When is a heart transplant potentially required? - Transport

A

In cases of heart failure

68
Q

What disadvantages are there of replacement heart valves? - Transport

A

Biological valves may wear out, whereas mechanical valves may allow blood clots, meaning drugs must be taken

69
Q

What disadvantages of heart transplants are there? - Transport

A

There are very few heart donors available, with a long recovery time. Risk of rejection from the immune system

70
Q

How can cardiac output be calculated? - Transport

A

CO = heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (cm3 per beat)

71
Q

Which enzyme breaks down the substrate starch?

A

Amylase

72
Q

Which enzyme breaks down the substrate proteins?

A

Protease

73
Q

Which enzyme breaks down the substrate lipid?

A

Lipase

74
Q

What is the product of starch being broken down by amylase?

A

Glucose

75
Q

What is the product of protein being broken down by protease?

A

Amino acids

76
Q

What is the product of lipids being broken down by lipase?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

77
Q

Where is amylase made?

A

Mouth pancreas and small intestines

78
Q

Where is protease made?

A

Stomach, pancreas and small intestines

79
Q

Where is lipase made?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

80
Q

Which substrate does amylase break down?

A

Starch

81
Q

Which substrate does the enzyme protease break down?

A

Proteins

82
Q

Which substrate does the enzyme lipase break down?

A

Lipids

83
Q

Where does amylase act?

A

Mouth and small intestines

84
Q

Where does protease act?

A

Stomach and small intestines

85
Q

Where does lipase act?

A

Small intestines

86
Q

What pH conditions does amylase require?

A

Neutral- 7

87
Q

What pH conditions are required by protease?

A

Acidic- 2 or neutral- 7

88
Q

What pH conditions does lipase require?

A

Neutral- 7

89
Q

Name the enzyme controlled reactions:

A
  • Respiration
  • DNA replication
  • Photosynthesis
  • Fermentation
  • Digestion
90
Q

What is the active site?

A

The area on the enzyme on which the reaction takes place

Biology (7 decks)

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