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Biology > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis? - Photosynthesis

A

A chemical process used by plants to make glucose and oxygen from CO2 and water

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2
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis? - Photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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3
Q

Where are the majority of chloroplasts located? - Photosynthesis

A

In the palisade and spongy mesophyll layers

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4
Q

What form of energy powers photosynthesis? - Photosynthesis

A

LIGHT ENERGY

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5
Q

Where does CO2 enter a plant? - Photosynthesis

A

Through a plant’s stomata

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6
Q

How is glucose used as cellulose? - Photosynthesis

A

Used to build and strengthen cell walls

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7
Q

How is glucose used as starch? - Photosynthesis

A

Glucose as starch is stored as a form of carbohydrate

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8
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis? - Photosynthesis

A

Increasing the light intensity intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis until another factor limits.

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9
Q

How does CO2 concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis? - Photosynthesis

A

An increase in the concentration of CO2 increases the rate of photosynthesis until another factor limits. This is because there are more products.

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10
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis? - Photosynthesis

A

At both low and high temperatures, photosynthesis is limited, as the enzymes must work at their optimum temp without being denatured

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11
Q

Describe the graph showing the rate of photosynthesis in terms of light intensity - Photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis increases at a linear rate, until plateauing when another factor limits

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12
Q

Describe the graph showing the rate of photosynthesis in terms of CO2 concentration - Photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis increases at a linear rate, until plateauing when another factor limits

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13
Q

Describe the graph showing the rate of photosynthesis in terms of temperature - Photosynthesis

A

The graph rises sharply as the optimum temperature for enzymes is reached, before plummeting as the enzymes denature

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14
Q

How does the amount of chlorophyll affect the rate of photosynthesis? - Photosynthesis

A

A greater volume of chlorophyll in a plant increases the rate of photosynthesis, as more light can be absorbed to allow more photosynthesis.

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15
Q

How do you calculate light intensity? - Photosynthesis

A

1/d^2

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16
Q

The area at double the distance is 4 times the area at 1x the distance. Why is this? - Photosynthesis

A

As the distance doubles, the area is the distance squared.

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17
Q

How can plant growers increase yields in terms of light intensity? - Photosynthesis

A

Use greenhouses constructed from glass or other materials that enable maximum transition of light.
Position plants for optimum light absorption

18
Q

In what part of a cell does photosynthesis take place? - Photosynthesis

A

In the chloroplasts, using a pigment called chlorophyll

19
Q

How can plant growers increase their yields in terms of CO2? - Photosynthesis

A

Use CO2 waste from industry

Apply additional CO2 using pipes

20
Q

How can plant growers increase yields in terms of water? - Photosynthesis

A

Irrigation systems can be used
Plants are sprayed with water to keep humidity high
Hydroponics allow growers to optimise mineral ions

21
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis? - Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic

22
Q

What type of reaction is respiration? - Respiration

A

Exothermic

23
Q

What is energy used for in animals? - Respiration

A

To drive chemical reactions

To provide movement when muscles contract

24
Q

What does aerobic respiration use as reactants? + to produce what products? - Respiration

A

Aerobic respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce CO2, water and energy

25
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration? - Respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> Energy + water + CO2

26
Q

Where does the majority of respiration take place in a cell? - Respiration

A

The majority of respiration occurs in the Mitochondria

27
Q

What is anaerobic respiration? - Respiration

A

Respiration which doesn’t use oxygen

28
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration? - Respiration

A

Glucose -> energy + lactic acid

29
Q

What is lactic acid? - Respiration

A

Lactic acid is a mild toxin produced as a by-product or anaerobic respiration

30
Q

Name 1 organism other than animals that can respire anaerobically + what does it convert glucose to? - Respiration

A

Yeast

Converts glucose to ethanol, CO2 and energy

31
Q

How much energy does aerobic respiration produce over long periods? - Respiration

A

LOTS over a long period of time

32
Q

How much energy does anaerobic respiration produce over a short period of time? - Respiration

A

Small amount, very quickly

33
Q

How is yeast used to produce alcoholic drinks? + what is produced? - Respiration

A

When yeast cells rapidly reproduce during alcohol production, respiration becomes anaerobic. ETHANOL + CO2 ARE PRODUCED

34
Q

Why do muscles require more energy when exercising? - Respiration

A

The breathing rate and volume of each breath increasing brings more oxygen into the body
The heart rate increases to supply muscles with extra oxygen

35
Q

What is the oxygen debt? - Respiration

A

Extra oxygen being required by the body for recovery from lactic acid after vigorous exercise.

36
Q

How does the oxygen debt work? - Respiration

A

Lactic acid is oxidised to CO2 and water, removing the toxin
OR
converted to glucose and glycogen where it can be restored

37
Q

Where does the oxygen debt occur? - Respiration

A

In the liver

38
Q

What observation does the oxygen debt cause? (In terms of breathing) - Respiration

A

The oxygen debt causes a person’s breathing to remain heavy following exercise, as lots of oxygen is needed to remove lactic acid from the blood

39
Q

What is metabolism? - Respiration

A

Metabolism is all of an organism’s chemical reactions

40
Q

What is metabolic rate? - Respiration

A

The rate at which chemical reactions in an organism occur

Biology (7 decks)

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