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Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the equation to calculate the magnification of a microscope? - Cells

A

Magnification of the microscope = magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective

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2
Q

What is the equation to calculate the size of an image? - Cells

A

Size of image = magnification x real size of object

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3
Q

What must be placed over microscope samples before analysis of them? - Cells

A

A cover slip, prevents contamination or the sample from drying out.

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4
Q

How can cells be seen better or other cell structures identified? - Cells

A

By staining or colouring cells, certain structures or whole cells can be seen under microscopes

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5
Q

What + and - of light microscopes are there? - Cells

A

+ cheap, very good at seeing basic structures in cells

- have a low resolution in comparison to electron microscopes

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6
Q

What + and - of electron microscopes are there? - Cells

A

+ can see the most minuscule structures and sections of cells
- very expensive

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7
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm? - Cells

A

It is where the majority of chemical reactions take place in a cell

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8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus? - Cells

A

Contains genetic material and DNA, controlling the cell’s activities

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane? - Cells

A

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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10
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria? - Cells

A

Organelles used for respiration

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11
Q

What is the function of ribosomes? - Cells

A

Tiny structures where proteins are made

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12
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts? - Cells

A

Organelles that contain green pigment which absorb light energy for photosynthesis

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall? - Cells

A

Provides shape and structure, making the cell strong

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14
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole? - Cells

A

Filled with cell sap in order to make the cell turgid

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15
Q

What are prokaryotic cells? - Cells

A

Bacteria cells

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16
Q

What are eukaryotic cells? - Cells

A

Animal, plant or fungal cells

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17
Q

Are prokaryotic cells larger or smaller than eukaryotic cells? - Cells

A

Smaller

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18
Q

How are sperm cells specialised? (2) - Cells

A

The head of the sperm contains all genetic material
The tail enables the sperm to swim
The midpiece contains lots of mitochondria to release energy to swim and fertilise

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19
Q

How are root hair cells specialised? (2) - Cells

A

Has a large surface area to intake the maximum amount of water
Has thin walls which don’t restrict the movement of water

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20
Q

How are xylem cells specialised? (2) - Cells

A

There are no end walls, meaning water can continuously move

Walls strengthened with lignin

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21
Q

Where is DNA found in a cell? - Cells

A

Within the Chromosmes of a cell

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22
Q

What type of cell division ensures identical genetics? - Cells

A

Mitosis

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23
Q

Describe the process of cell division in terms of DNA - Cells

A

Each chromosome is made from a single DNA molecule. When a cell is ready to divide, the DNA copies itself, before condensing into a chromosome

24
Q

How many chromosomes does the human body have and how many pairs? - Cells

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

25
Q

Why do cells need to divide? - Cells

A

When an organism grows

When an organism becomes damaged + needs to produce new cells

26
Q

Describe the cell cycle - Cells

A

Cells grow, before duplicating through DNA synthesis. The DNA is checked for errors. The cells being to split via mitosis. Cytoplasm begins to split and 2 separate cells are formed.

27
Q

What are the 2 cells called that are produced via mitosis? - Cells

A

Daughter cells

28
Q

What happens after DNA replicates in a cell, forming 2 copies of each chromosome - Cells

A

The nuclear membrane of the cell and chromosomes line up down the centre of the cell

29
Q

What happens after the nuclear membrane of the cell and chromosomes line up down the centre of the cell? - Cells

A

One pair of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell, and the nucleus divides

30
Q

What is the final stage of mitosis? - Cells

A

The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide, forming identical cells

31
Q

What are stem cells? - Cells

A

They are cells that have not yet undergone differentiation, not specialised

32
Q

How can stem cells be harvested? - Cells

A

They can be harvested from early-stage embryos (EMBRYONIC)

Or they can be harvested from the brain, eyes, heart, liver, blood or muscles in ADULTS

33
Q

What limitation do adult stem cells have? - Cells

A

Adult stem cells can only differentiate into related cell types (eg bone marrow -> blood cells BUT NOT other cell types)

34
Q

Where does cell division occur in PLANTS? - Cells

A

In regions called meristems, where cells can specialise into all types at any time.

35
Q

How do both animals and plants first exist as? - Cells

A

They first begin as 1 fertilised cell or ZYGOTE

36
Q

How is cloning plants effective? - Cells

A

It is quicker than allowing plants to reproduce
Effective way of preventing rare and endangered species from becoming extinct
Useful for large scale cultivation

37
Q

What is an example of natural cloning in plants? - Cells

A

Runners in strawberry plants which put down new roots to form identical plants

38
Q

How can stem cells be used to treat diseases and medical conditions? - Cells

A

They can be specialised to replace damaged cells from brain injury, MS, damaged spinal cords

39
Q

What problems are there with the use of embryonic stem cells? - Cells

A

There are ethical issues involved with using human embryos as specialised cells as some people may see them as humans.

40
Q

What do adult stem cell transplants use to guarantee success? - Cells

A

They use a patient’s own stem cells, meaning the immune system will not reject them

41
Q

What clinical issues are involved with stem cell use? - Cells

A

There is no guarantee of the success of stem cell transplants
There is difficulty in storing embryonic stem cells
Cultured cells could be contaminated

42
Q

During diffusion, how do particles move? - Cells

A

Particles move from a high concentration to a low concentration

43
Q

What is a concentration gradient? - Cells

A

The difference in the concentration of a chemical across a membrane

44
Q

In osmosis and diffusion, do particles move up or down a concentration gradient? - Cells

A

Down a concentration gradient, from high to low

45
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion? - Cells

A

The larger the difference in concentration, the quicker the rate of diffusion

46
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion and why? - Cells

A

The higher the temperature, the quicker the rate of diffusion. Particles will have more kinetic energy, meaning they move and mix quicker

47
Q

How does the Surface Area : Volume ratio affect the rate of movement of particles around a substance? - Cells

A

The larger the surface area : volume ratio, the faster particles can transport through a substance

48
Q

What is the relationship of the size of a cube to the surface area to volume ratio? - Cells

A

As a cube increases in size, a surface area : volume ratio decreases

49
Q

What is osmosis? - Cells

A

The diffusion of water molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

50
Q

What happens when water molecules reach an equilibrium on each side of the membrane? - Cells

A

The movement of water molecules will cease when the levels are the same on each side

51
Q

What is active transport? - Cells

A

Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy

52
Q

When does active transport occur in plants? - Cells

A

When plants intake mineral ions, they travel through root hair cells, where the concentration is higher than in the soil itself.

53
Q

When does active transport occur in animals? - Cells

A

When glucose molecules may be in a higher concentration in the intestine than in the intestinal cells

54
Q

What substances are moved by diffusion? - Cells

A

CO2, Oxygen, food substances, water

55
Q

What substances are moved by active transport? - Cells

A

Mineral ions, glucose

Biology (7 decks)

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