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Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation to calculate the magnification of a microscope? - Cells

A

Magnification of the microscope = magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective

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2
Q

What is the equation to calculate the size of an image? - Cells

A

Size of image = magnification x real size of object

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3
Q

What must be placed over microscope samples before analysis of them? - Cells

A

A cover slip, prevents contamination or the sample from drying out.

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4
Q

How can cells be seen better or other cell structures identified? - Cells

A

By staining or colouring cells, certain structures or whole cells can be seen under microscopes

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5
Q

What + and - of light microscopes are there? - Cells

A

+ cheap, very good at seeing basic structures in cells

- have a low resolution in comparison to electron microscopes

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6
Q

What + and - of electron microscopes are there? - Cells

A

+ can see the most minuscule structures and sections of cells
- very expensive

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7
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm? - Cells

A

It is where the majority of chemical reactions take place in a cell

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8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus? - Cells

A

Contains genetic material and DNA, controlling the cell’s activities

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane? - Cells

A

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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10
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria? - Cells

A

Organelles used for respiration

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11
Q

What is the function of ribosomes? - Cells

A

Tiny structures where proteins are made

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12
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts? - Cells

A

Organelles that contain green pigment which absorb light energy for photosynthesis

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall? - Cells

A

Provides shape and structure, making the cell strong

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14
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole? - Cells

A

Filled with cell sap in order to make the cell turgid

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15
Q

What are prokaryotic cells? - Cells

A

Bacteria cells

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16
Q

What are eukaryotic cells? - Cells

A

Animal, plant or fungal cells

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17
Q

Are prokaryotic cells larger or smaller than eukaryotic cells? - Cells

A

Smaller

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18
Q

How are sperm cells specialised? (2) - Cells

A

The head of the sperm contains all genetic material
The tail enables the sperm to swim
The midpiece contains lots of mitochondria to release energy to swim and fertilise

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19
Q

How are root hair cells specialised? (2) - Cells

A

Has a large surface area to intake the maximum amount of water
Has thin walls which don’t restrict the movement of water

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20
Q

How are xylem cells specialised? (2) - Cells

A

There are no end walls, meaning water can continuously move

Walls strengthened with lignin

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21
Q

Where is DNA found in a cell? - Cells

A

Within the Chromosmes of a cell

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22
Q

What type of cell division ensures identical genetics? - Cells

A

Mitosis

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23
Q

Describe the process of cell division in terms of DNA - Cells

A

Each chromosome is made from a single DNA molecule. When a cell is ready to divide, the DNA copies itself, before condensing into a chromosome

24
Q

How many chromosomes does the human body have and how many pairs? - Cells

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

25
Why do cells need to divide? - Cells
When an organism grows | When an organism becomes damaged + needs to produce new cells
26
Describe the cell cycle - Cells
Cells grow, before duplicating through DNA synthesis. The DNA is checked for errors. The cells being to split via mitosis. Cytoplasm begins to split and 2 separate cells are formed.
27
What are the 2 cells called that are produced via mitosis? - Cells
Daughter cells
28
What happens after DNA replicates in a cell, forming 2 copies of each chromosome - Cells
The nuclear membrane of the cell and chromosomes line up down the centre of the cell
29
What happens after the nuclear membrane of the cell and chromosomes line up down the centre of the cell? - Cells
One pair of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell, and the nucleus divides
30
What is the final stage of mitosis? - Cells
The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide, forming identical cells
31
What are stem cells? - Cells
They are cells that have not yet undergone differentiation, not specialised
32
How can stem cells be harvested? - Cells
They can be harvested from early-stage embryos (EMBRYONIC) | Or they can be harvested from the brain, eyes, heart, liver, blood or muscles in ADULTS
33
What limitation do adult stem cells have? - Cells
Adult stem cells can only differentiate into related cell types (eg bone marrow -> blood cells BUT NOT other cell types)
34
Where does cell division occur in PLANTS? - Cells
In regions called meristems, where cells can specialise into all types at any time.
35
How do both animals and plants first exist as? - Cells
They first begin as 1 fertilised cell or ZYGOTE
36
How is cloning plants effective? - Cells
It is quicker than allowing plants to reproduce Effective way of preventing rare and endangered species from becoming extinct Useful for large scale cultivation
37
What is an example of natural cloning in plants? - Cells
Runners in strawberry plants which put down new roots to form identical plants
38
How can stem cells be used to treat diseases and medical conditions? - Cells
They can be specialised to replace damaged cells from brain injury, MS, damaged spinal cords
39
What problems are there with the use of embryonic stem cells? - Cells
There are ethical issues involved with using human embryos as specialised cells as some people may see them as humans.
40
What do adult stem cell transplants use to guarantee success? - Cells
They use a patient's own stem cells, meaning the immune system will not reject them
41
What clinical issues are involved with stem cell use? - Cells
There is no guarantee of the success of stem cell transplants There is difficulty in storing embryonic stem cells Cultured cells could be contaminated
42
During diffusion, how do particles move? - Cells
Particles move from a high concentration to a low concentration
43
What is a concentration gradient? - Cells
The difference in the concentration of a chemical across a membrane
44
In osmosis and diffusion, do particles move up or down a concentration gradient? - Cells
Down a concentration gradient, from high to low
45
How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion? - Cells
The larger the difference in concentration, the quicker the rate of diffusion
46
How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion and why? - Cells
The higher the temperature, the quicker the rate of diffusion. Particles will have more kinetic energy, meaning they move and mix quicker
47
How does the Surface Area : Volume ratio affect the rate of movement of particles around a substance? - Cells
The larger the surface area : volume ratio, the faster particles can transport through a substance
48
What is the relationship of the size of a cube to the surface area to volume ratio? - Cells
As a cube increases in size, a surface area : volume ratio decreases
49
What is osmosis? - Cells
The diffusion of water molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane
50
What happens when water molecules reach an equilibrium on each side of the membrane? - Cells
The movement of water molecules will cease when the levels are the same on each side
51
What is active transport? - Cells
Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy
52
When does active transport occur in plants? - Cells
When plants intake mineral ions, they travel through root hair cells, where the concentration is higher than in the soil itself.
53
When does active transport occur in animals? - Cells
When glucose molecules may be in a higher concentration in the intestine than in the intestinal cells
54
What substances are moved by diffusion? - Cells
CO2, Oxygen, food substances, water
55
What substances are moved by active transport? - Cells
Mineral ions, glucose

Biology (7 decks)

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