Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

321 Final exam > Diseases > Flashcards

Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Diphtheria

A

-CDC recommends vaccine for all ages
-Transmitted person to person
-Acute Toxin medicated disease caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae
Causes:
-difficulty breathing
-heart failure
-paralysis
-Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diphtheria clinical Features

A
  • May involve mucous membrane
  • Classified based on site of disease
  • Pharyngeal and Tonsillar Diphtheria
  • Insidious onset of pharyngitis
  • Membrane may cause respiratory obstruction
  • Fever usually not high but patient appears toxic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Haemophilus influenza type B (HIB)

A
  • Requires hospitalization for invasive HIB disease
  • Bacterial infection
    - gram negative coccobacillus
  • transmission is by respiratory droplet spread
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Common invasive disease that are caused byH. Influenza type B

A
  • meningitis
  • epiglottis
  • pneumonia
  • arthritis
  • cellulitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hepatitis A

A
  • caused by infection with HAV (transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and water or through direct contact with an infectious person)
    -inflammation of the liver
    Causes:
    -fever
    -malaise
    -anorexia
    -nausea
    -abdominal discomfort
    -dark urine
    -jaundice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hepatitis A clinical features

A
  • illness not specific for hepatitis A
  • Likelihood of symptomatic illness directly related to age
  • children generally asymptomatic, adults symptomatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hepatitis B

A
  • indistinguishable from other types of acute viral hepatitis
  • Transmitted by contact with blood or body fluids of an infected person
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hepatitis B clinical features

A
  • Incubation period 45-160 days (average 120 days)
  • Nonspecific prodrome of malaise, fever, headache, myalgia
  • At least 50% of infections asymptomatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hepatitis B complications

A
  • Fulminant hepatitis: Development of hepatic failure and encephalopathy within 2 weeks of onset of jaundice.
  • Hospitalization
  • Cirrhosis: degeneration of cells, inflammation and fibrous thinking of tissue
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)
  • Death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

A
  • transmitted sexually
  • most HPV infections are asymptomatic
  • can cause cancer later
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HPV vaccine

A

-Gardasil (6, 11, 16, 18)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gardasil vaccine 6, 11

A

Low grade cervical cell changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gardasil vaccine 16,18

A

High grade cervical cell abnormalities that are precursors to cancer, and anogenital cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Influenza

A
  • transmitted from person to person via respiratory droplets
  • highly infectious viral illness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Influenza Virus Type A

A

Moderate to severe illness

  • all age groups
  • humans and other animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Influenza virus type B

A

Milder disease

  • primarily affects children
  • humans only
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Influenza virus Type C

A

Reported in humans

-no epidemics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Influenza Clinical Features

A
  • incubation period 2 days (range 1-4days)
  • 50% of infected persons develop classic symptoms
  • abrupt onset of fever, myalgia,sore throat, nonproductive cough,headache
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Influenza Compliations

A
  • pneumonia
  • Reye syndrome
  • Myocarditis
  • Asthma
  • Encephalitis
  • myositis
  • organ failure
  • death rates are not exactly known
    - Reported at about average of 36,000 US cases annually
    - GET VACCINATED!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Measles

A
  • Acute viral infectious disease

- Respiratory transmission virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Measles Clinical Features

A
  • Incubation period 10-12 days
  • Prodrome 2-4 days
    - stepwise increase in fever to 103 F-105 F
    - cough, conjunctivitis Koplik spots (rash on mucous membranes)
  • Rash
    - 2-4days after prodrome
    - 14 days after exposure
    - persist 5-6 days
    - begins on face and upper neck
    - maculopapular, becomes confluence
    - fades in order of appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Measles Complications

A 
Diarrhea 8%
Otitis media 7%
Pneumonia 6%
Encephalitis 0.1%
Seizures 0.6-0.7%
Death 0.2%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Meningococcal disease

A
  • Severe acute bacterial infection

- case fatality ratio of meningococcal disease is 10% to 15% even with appropriate antibiotic therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Meningococcal Meningitis

A

Most common presentation of invasive disease

CLINICAL FINDINGS

  • fever
  • headache
  • stiff neck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mumps

A
  • Acute viral illness

- Transmission is direct and droplet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Mumps clinical features

A
  • incubation period 12 to 25 days
  • Nonspecific prodrome of myalgia, malaise, headache, low grade fever
  • Parotitis in 9%-94%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mumps complications

A
  • Orchitis
  • Pancreatitis
  • Unilateral Deafness
  • Death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pertussis

A
  • Whooping cough
  • acute infectious disease
  • Vaccinate Parents
  • Infants at risk
29
Q

Pertussis complications

A
  • secondary bacterial pneumonia
  • Causes:
    • apnea
      - bradycardia events
      - occasional respiratory failure
30
Q

Pertussis Clinical features

A
  • Insidious onset, similar to the common cold with nonspecific cough
  • Fever usually minimal throughout course of illness
  • Paroxysmal cough stage
    • 1-6 weeks
31
Q

Pneumococcal Disease

A
  • transmission is direct person to person contact via respiratory droplet
  • Acute bacterial infection
  • Major clinical syndromes are pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis
32
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia clinical Features

A
  • Abrupt onset of fever
  • chills or rigors
  • Pleuritic chest pain
  • Productive cough
  • Dyspnea, tachypnea, hypoxia
  • tachycardia, malaise, weakness
33
Q

Poliomyelitis

A
  • Cause: Viral infection
  • Starts out like a common cold
  • Transmission: Fecal-oral
  • Complications: Paralysis
34
Q

Rotavirus Clinical features

A
  • Short incubation period (usually less than 48 hours)
  • may be asymptomatic or result in severe dehydrating diarrhea with fever and vomiting
  • Gastrointestinal symptoms generally resolve in 3 to 7 days
35
Q

Rotavirus Transmission

A

Fecal

Oral

36
Q

Rotavirus compilations

A
  • severe diarrhea
  • intussusception
  • Dehydration
  • Electrolyte imbalance
37
Q

Rubella

A

Viral disease

Transmitted through direct contact and droplets

38
Q

Rubella Clinical Features

A
  • Maculopapular rash 14 to 17 days after exposure
  • Rash begins in face and spreads-lasts 3 days
  • lymphadenopathy occurs before rash and lasts for several weeks
39
Q

Rubella complications

A

-Congenital rubella syndrome

40
Q

Tetanus

A
  • acute, often fatal disease caused by an exotoxins produced by the bacterium clostridium tetanus
  • enters body through a wound
41
Q

Tetanus complications

A
  • descending pattern of trismus (lockjaw)
  • stiffness of the neck
  • difficulty swallowing
  • rigidity of abdominal muscles

COMPLETE RECOVERY MAY TAKE MONTHS

42
Q

Tetanus complications

A

-Laryngospasm
-Fractures
-Hypertension and/or abnormal heart rhythm
-Nosocomial infections
-Pulmonary embolism
-Aspiration pneumonia
Death

43
Q

Varicella

A

Cause: Varicella zoster virus

Primary Varicella infection: “Chickenpox”

44
Q

Varicella Transmission

A

Person to person
Respiratory Tracy secretions
Direct contact with lesions

45
Q

Varicella clinical Features

A
  • Rash generally appears first on head; most concentrated on trunk
  • Successive crops over several days with lesions present in several stages of development
46
Q

Varicella complications

A
  • Bacterial infection of skin lesions
  • Pneumonia (viral or bacterial)
  • central nervous system manifestations
  • Reye syndrome
  • Hospitalization: 2-3 per 1,000 cases (children)
  • Death: 1 per 60,000cases
47
Q

Herpes Zoster

A
  • Shingles

- Cause: Varicella zoster virus

48
Q

Herpes Zoster Manifestations

A
  • Burning
  • tingling
  • itching of site
  • rash appears
  • Can be PAINFUL
  • reactivating of varicella zoster virus (VZV)
  • Associated with:
    • Aging
    • immunosuppressive
    • intrauterine exposure
      - varicella at younger than 18 months of age
49
Q

Active Immunization

A

Through injection to make immune system react defensively; protection produces by the person’s own immune system.

50
Q

Passive Immunization

A
  • Accomplished by injecting blood from an actively immunized person or animal
  • can be given after an individual has been exposed to a disease to prevent the disease from developing
51
Q

Vaccine Types

A
  • Attenuated (live)
  • Inactivated (killed)
  • Conjugate
  • Toxiod
52
Q

Attenuated “live” Vaccines

A

Weekend form of the whole germ that caused a disease

Strong and long lasting immunity response

53
Q

Examples of Attenuated vaccine

A

MMR
Flue Mist
Rotavirus
Varicella

54
Q

Limitations of attenuated vaccines

A
  • do not give to immunocompromised individuals
  • storage (refrigeration)
  • Do not give to pregnant women
  • can cause mild infection, symptoms, but NO disease
55
Q

Inactivated Vaccines

A

Killed version of the germ that causes a disease

  • hepatitis A
  • Flu
  • Polio
  • Rabies
56
Q

Inactivated Vaccines Limitations

A
  • Immunity not as strong as live vaccines

- May need several doses booster

57
Q

Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide, and Conjugate Vaccines

A
  • Specific pieces of the germ inserted into the patient (injection or oral)
    • Proteins, sugars, or capsid of causative bug
  • Very strong immune response
  • Can give to immunocompromised individuals
58
Q

Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide, and Conjugate Vaccines
Limitations

A

may need a booster

59
Q

Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide, and Conjugate Vaccines
Examples

A
  • HIB
  • Hepatitis B
  • HPV
  • Pertussis
  • Pneumococcal
  • Mengingocccal
60
Q

Targeted Toxiod Vaccines

A
  • Diptheria

- Tetanus

61
Q

Toxiod Vaccine Limitations

A

-May need a booster

for example: Tetanus booster is needed every 10 years or with dirty wound infection

62
Q

Passive Immunity

A
  • Person is given antibodies to a disease

- receive passive and active together

63
Q

Natural Passive Immunity

A

Mom to baby in breastfeeding or in uterus via placenta

64
Q

Artificial Passive Immunity

A

Antibodies themselves are injected into a patient

65
Q

Limitations of passive Immunity

A
  • Lasts only for a few weeks or months

- Antibodies difficult and costly to produce

66
Q

Adults over 50

A
  • Flu shot annually
  • tetanus vaccine every 10 years
  • Zoster or varcella vaccine age 50
  • Pneumococcal vaccine age 65
67
Q

Vaccine safety tracking

A
  • VAERS
  • VSD
  • PRISM
  • CISA
68
Q

Immunizations: adverse reactions

A 
Local:
-redness
Systemic:
-fever
-syncope
Allergic:
-anaphylaxis
69
Q

Management of Adverse Reactions

A 
Local: 
-cold compress
Systemic:
-Acetaminophen 
Serious:
-manage anaphylaxis
       -Epi
       -Oxygen
       -Antihistamines 
       -Steroids
       -ETC

321 Final exam (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions