Disease Terms & Concepts (2) Flashcards
What is an incubation period?
time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the appearance of the first sign or symptom of the disease
What is infectivity?
the capacity/ability of an agent to enter and multiply in a susceptible host and thus produce infection or disease
- no relation to severity / if it can cause disease
What is pathogenicity?
refers to the capacity of a microorganism to cause damage in a host
- DOES NOT refer to the degree of damage or severity of illness caused by that microorganism
What is virulence?
already implies infectivity and pathogenicity
refers to the severity of the disease produced; the degree to which the disease has severe clinical manifestation or is fatal in a large number of cases
What is immunogenicity?
the ability of a foreign substance (in this case, antigen such as a pathogenic organism) to provoke an immune response in the body of a human or other animal host species that is measurable
- not all pathogens are immunogenicity - don’t always stimulate an immune response
Match infectivity, virulence, and pathogenicity to its respective definition
a. how bad it was
b. it got IN and took hold
c. it made you sick
infectivity: b
pathogenicity: c
virulence: a
What is the latent period?
the period of time between the infection of the host by the agent and the ability to transmit the agent
the animal may appear healthy and asymptomatic
same start time as the incubation period
What is the period of communicability?
the period of time during which an infected host remains capable of transmitting the infective agent
What is incidence?
new cases: # or rate
What is prevalence?
all existing cases at moment in time
What is R-naught (Ro)?
ability to spread disease
T/F: Most diseases with a high Ro are very virulent
no - otherwise everyone would die
What is zoonosis?
any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrae animals to humans
What is a zoonotic disease?
a disease that can be passed between animals and humans
What are the types of immunity?
physical
passive immunity - individual
natural/active immunity - individual
herd immunity
What is active immunity? How does one acquire it?
the production of antibodies against a specific disease organism by the host immune system
contracting the disease
vaccination
should have it for life or prolonged periods
What is passive immunity?
protection against disease through antibodies produced by another
limited time frame
What is the window of susceptibility?
a critical period when they are particularly vulnerable to disease due to the decline of maternal immunity and the immaturity of their own immune system
vaccination failure and have to vaccinate multiple times
What is seroconversion?
development of antibodies in an animal can provide evidence of infection with that specific disease agent
What are determinants of health?
the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status
What are social determinants of health?
availability of resources to meet daily needs, such as educational and job opportunities, living wages, or healthy foods
social norms and attitudes, such as discrimination
exposure to crime, violence, and social disorder, such as the presence of trash
social support and social interactions
