Disease (Source, Route, Target) Flashcards
What are the source controls for an ingestion born disease?
Notification
Treatment
Tracing of contacts/carriers
Isolation
Disinfection
Determine source
Health education
What are the route controls for an ingestion borne disease?
Treat and protect water
Sanitary disposal of faeces
Good waste refuse and swill disposal
Pasteurisation of milk, milk products and ice creams
Good food preparation and correct food storage
Cleanliness of food premises crockery and utensils
Good personal hygiene of food handlers
Medical screening if all catering staff
Treatment of food
Building design
Camp siting
Field sanitation/hygiene
What are the target controls for an ingestion borne disease?
Health education
Immunisation
Protective clothing
Prevention of exposure
Personal hygiene and fitness
What are airborne diseases of importance?
Cold
Influenza
Meningitis
TB
MMR
Legionella
What are controls at the source for airborne diseases?
Treatment of infected
Isolation
Destroy corpses/carcass
Screening for carriers / case
What are controls at the route for airborne infections?
Damp dusting
Concurrent disinfection
Barriers
Reduction of overcrowding
Adequate heating
Lighting
Ventilation
What are controls at the target for airborne diseases?
Personal hygiene
Health education
Vaccination
Chemoprophylaxis
Avoidance
Discipline (no smoking, exercise)
What is developmental transmission in an arthropod?
The pathogen undergoes developmental or morphological change within the vector.
(Malaria, leishmaniasis)
What is transovarial transmission in an arthropod?
The pathogen passes through successive generations/stages of the vector without coming into contact with an infective source.
What is the “extrinsic incubation period” in arthropods?
The time taken for an organism to develop in an arthropod
What is mechanical transmission in arthropods?
Pathogens transmitted by it’s faeces or on its appendages.
It can then walk over open wounds or food and deposit/defecate pathogens
What are examples of arthropod borne diseases?
Epidemic typhus
Malaria
Plague
Leishmaniasis
Yellow fever
Relapsing fever
Trypanosomiasis
Encephalitis
Murine typhus
Scrub typhus
What factors can affect the epidemiology of arthropod borne diseases?
Geography
Climate
Habitat
Lifecycle, breeding and feeding habits
Land use
Pesticide application
Host density
Reliability of pipes water supply
Growth of urban slums
Waste management
Global trade and travel
What are controls at the source for arthropod diseases?
Disinfestation
Disinfection
Medical treatment
Isolation
Health education
What are the 3 types of route controls for arthropods?
Physical
Chemical
Biological
What are the physical controls for arthropod diseases?
Modify environment (breeding areas, food and water supplies, harbourage, waste disposal)
Proofing (screens, nets, chains)
Filling access points
Electric fly killer/glue traps
What are the chemical controls for arthropod diseases?
Residual insecticides
Knockdown insecticides
Chemical larvicides
What are the biological controls for arthropods?
Predatory fish
Bacterial larvicides
What are controls at the target for arthropods?
Avoidance
Chemoprophylaxis
Clothing
Repellants
Mosquito nets, screens and curtains
Sleeping off the ground
Personal hygiene
Avoid prime biting times
Med warning cards
Health education
Vaccination
What are the 3 types of transmission with contact diseases?
Direct
Indirect
Vertical (mother to child)
What direct contact diseases are of military importance?
STD’s
Scabies
Rabies
Q Fever
PVL
What indirect contact diseases are of military importance?
Fungal skin infections
Impetigo
Gingivitis
Verruca
Scarlet fever
Mumps
What are controls at the source for contact diseases?
Isolation
Treatment
Disposal of corpses/carcasses
Health education
Contact tracing
Disinfection
What are controls at route for direct contact pathogens?
Abstinence
Monogamy
Avoid prostitutes
Use condoms
STD testing
Avoid infected animals
Don’t encourage animals
Don’t touch dead animal carcasses
Health education
What are controls at the route for indirect contact pathogens?
Disinfect bath and ablution areas
Launder clothing and bedding
Disinfect communal sports kit
Keep personal items personal
Wear flip flops in communal showers and pool areas
What are controls at the target for contact diseases?
Health education
Vaccination
Personal hygiene
How can blood borne diseases be transmitted?
Sexual intercourse
Sharing needles
Foetus, birth of breastfeeding
Road traffic accident
Humanitarian response
