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EXAM PUBLIC HEALTH ADMIN & Gral. DEFINITIONS > Disease Reservoirs & Transmission > Flashcards

Disease Reservoirs & Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Who was responsible for the beginning of the modern “germ theory”?
Which bacteria did he work with?

A
  • Robert Koch

- B. anthracis

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2
Q

In 1900, Walter Reed discovered that mosquitoes transmitted what disease?

A

Yellow fever

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3
Q

T/F: In disease prevention, knowing the mode of transmission is generally more important than identifying the specific agent.

A

True

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4
Q

T/F: Disease transmission can be represented as a chain of events.

A

True

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5
Q

What are 6 possible links in a chain of infection?

A
  • Pathogen/microorganism
  • Reservoir
  • Means of escape/portal of exit
  • Mode of transmission
  • Means of entry/exposure
  • Host susceptibility
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6
Q

What is a reservoir?

What are some examples of reservoirs?

A
  • A habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies.
  • Humans, animals, environment
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7
Q

What is one way pathogens are maintained over time, from year to year or generation to generation?

A

Reservoirs

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8
Q

Answering yes to which three questions will help to determine if something is a reservoir?

A
  • Is it naturally infected with the pathogen?
  • Can that species of animals (human, soil) maintain the pathogen over time?
  • Can this source transmit the disease to a new, susceptible host?
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9
Q

Name 4 diseases/pathogens that humans are a reservoir for.

A
  • Smallpox
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Taenia solium
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10
Q

Name 4 disease/pathogens that animals are a reservoir for.

A
  • Salmonella spp.
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Feline leukemia virus
  • Foot and Mouth disease virus
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11
Q

Name 2 diseases/pathogens for which the reservoir is in the environment.

A
  • Legionella

- Coccidioides

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12
Q

T/F: Pathogens use the same strategy to survive, over time, in the reservoir as a population.

A

False - They used different strategies to survive.

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13
Q

What are 3 examples of survival strategies used by pathogens?

A
  • Mutate to escape immunity, so that animals become susceptible again over time.
  • Evade immunity, allowing reinfection to occur after a short period of time.
  • Cause chronic infections with minimal symptoms (balanced pathogenicity).
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14
Q

Does infection = disease = infectivity?

A

No

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15
Q

T/F: Clinically ill animals that are reservoir competent are probably infectious.

A

True

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16
Q

Can asymptomatic animals be carriers?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Are all sick animals reservoirs?

A

No

18
Q

What are 2 examples of direct horizontal transmission?

A

Projection and contact

19
Q

What are 2 examples of indirect horizontal transmission?

What are 2 examples of both of these?

A
  • Vehicle: common vehicle and fomite

- Vector: biological vector and mechanical vector

20
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

From a reservoir host to its offspring.

21
Q

What is congenital transmission?

A

When pathogen can cross the placenta, infect eggs, etc.

22
Q

What is perinatal transmission?

A

When transmission occurs during parturition or via the colostrum.

23
Q

What is horizontal transmission?

A

From the reservoir to a new host.

24
Q

What is direct horizontal transmission?

A

Direct from the reservoir to a susceptible host.

25
Q

What is indirect horizontal transmission?

A

Via any sort of intermediary, animate or inanimate.

26
Q

What are 3 forms of direct, horizontal transmission?

A

Direct contact, direct projection (droplet spread) and airborne.

27
Q

What are five examples of direct horizontal contact?

A
  • Skin-to-skin contact
  • Mucous membrane contact (including sexual transmission)
  • Direct contact with soil reservoir
  • Bite
  • Scratch
28
Q

What are examples of direct projection (droplet spread)?

A

Wet, large and short range aerosols (sneezing, coughing, talking).

29
Q

Why is airborne transmission considered to be a form of direct transmission?
What is an exception to this?

A
  • Disease agents do not generally survive for extended periods within aerosolized particles.
  • Foot and Mouth disease
30
Q

What is a vehicle?

A

An inanimate object which serves to communicate disease.

31
Q

What is a vector?

A

A living organism that serves to communicate disease.

32
Q

What are 3 examples of common vehicles?

A
  • Food
  • Water
  • Contaminated IV drugs
33
Q

What are fomites?

A

Objects that can be contaminated and transmit disease on a limited scale.

34
Q

Are vectors live organisms?

A

Yes

35
Q

Most vectors are what?

A

Arthropods

36
Q

What defines a mechanical vector?

A

The agent does not multiply or undergo part of its life cycle while in/on the arthropod.

37
Q

What defines a biological vector?

A

The agent undergoes changes or multiplies while in the vector; these activities are required for transmission.

38
Q

Is Lyme disease transmitted directly or indirectly?

How is it transmitted?

A
  • Indirectly

- Ticks

39
Q

Is West Nile virus direct or indirect?

How is it transmitted?

A
  • Indirect

- Mosquitoes

40
Q

In December of 2005 there was an outbreak of this disease in Germany as the result of a hare hunt that took place the end of October that same year.
What was the causative agent of the disease?

A
  • Tularemia

- Francisella tularensis

41
Q

What was the source of the disease in the tularemia 2005 Germany outbreak?

A

The hare carcasses.

42
Q

Disease transmission is the result of interaction between what 3 components?

A

Host, agent, environment

EXAM PUBLIC HEALTH ADMIN & Gral. DEFINITIONS (9 decks)

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