Disease Processes Flashcards
DKA
Diabetic Ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia
History of Type I diabetes
Blood glucose >200
Warm, dry skin
Polyuria and polydipsia
Kussmaul respirations
Tachycardia
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Acetone breath
Low EtCo2 levels
HHNS
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome
most common amongst older Type II Diabetics preceded by infection.
- hyperglycemia (>600 mg/dl) - Altered Mental Status - Lethargy - Visual/Sensory deficits - Muscle weakness or partial paralysis - Seizures.
Peritonitis
an infection of the peritoneum, can be caused by the rupture of an organ or bacteria moving out of the intestine.
abdominal pain begins as a DULL pain and progresses into a SHARP pain.
small bumps or jarring of the abdomen can cause extreme pain.
Cushing Syndrome
aka Cushing’s disease or hyperCORTISOLism, is a rare, chronic hormonal disorder that occurs when the body produces too much cortisol over a long period of time.
Cortisol is sometimes called the “stress hormone” because it helps the body respond to stress.
OT is FAT and Hyper, Mood? Depressed
w/increased Acne/Facial hair.
S/S:
Obesity
Thin/darkened skin
Fatigue
HIGH Blood sugar
Mood swings
Depression
increased acne and facial hair
Ulcerative Colitis
inflammatory auto-immune bowel disease of the colon and the cause of the condition is unknown.
Colon polyps are causes of lower GI bleeding.
Causes intestinal wall thinning
Weak, dilated rectum.
The disease most often affects patients ages 15-25 and 55-65 years of age.
S/S:
Bloody diarrhea
LLQ abdominal pain
Tenesmus (feeling of rectal fullness)
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Fever.
Crohn’s disease
Involves the entire GI tract unlike ulcerative colitis, which only affects a portion of the GI tract.
S/S
RLQ abdominal pain
Weight loss
Diarrhea
Skin problems
Rectal bleeding.
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach, which is commonly caused by the frequent use of NSAIDs.
S/S
Fatigue
Epigastric pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Diverticulitis
when small pouches in the intestinal lining called diverticula become inflamed or infected in the colon
-
S/S
Abdominal pain in lower quadrant or quadrants.
Fever
Body aches
Malaise
Vomiting.
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Upper GI bleeding.
Caused by alcohol intoxication.
Upper GI bleed
- hematemesis
- melena.
A tear in the mucosal lining of the esophagus.
Hematemesis
the vomiting of blood, which can be a sign of a serious internal bleeding condition.
The blood may be bright red or look like coffee grounds, from the upper GI tract, such as the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, or small intestine.
A 26-year-old male is complaining of shortness of breath. He reports a history of hypertension and sickle cell disease. You note the patient is pale and lethargic. What should you suspect?
Splenic sequestration crisis
Aplastic crisis
Acute chest syndrome
Hemorrhagic crisis
Correct answer: Aplastic crisis
Patients with sickle cell disease commonly suffer from an aplastic crisis or a hemolytic crisis.
The patient is complaining of shortness of breath. You noted pallor and lethargy, which are indicative of an aplastic crisis.
In an aplastic crisis, the body has stopped producing red blood cells (RBCs).
The lack of RBCs leads to shortness of breath, fatigue, and anemia.
Esophageal varices
bleeding veins in the esophagus.
Usually cause sudden massive hemorrhage in patients with alcohol dependency issues and liver disease.
Many patients will bleed to death within minutes.
Esophageal varices are a true emergency.
S/S:
abdominal pain
nausea
vomiting of bright red blood
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix.
Rebound tenderness.
-palpating the patient’s abdomen, and when the pressure is released, there’s an increase in pain.
S/S:
sharp abdominal pain in the RLQ
nausea,
fever
decrease in appetite
Huntington disease
Causes degeneration of neurons within the brain that causes uncontrollable movements and intellectual and emotional issues.
HHNS
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome
Type II Diabetes
Hyperglycemia > 600
Diabetes Insipidous
Water diabetes
Diabetes Millites
Diabetes
a chronic metabolic disease that occurs when the body doesn’t produce enough INSULIN or can’t use it properly.
This results in high blood sugar levels
Damage over time:
Heart
Kidneys
Feet
Eyes
SIADH
Syndrome of Inappropriate AntiDiuretic Hormone
- body produces too much AntiDiuretic Hormone (ADH),
- aka Vasopressin.
ADH helps the kidneys regulate how much water the body loses through urine
SIADH “prevents” the body from suppressing ADH secretion
BODY RETAINS TOO MUCH WATER.
Leads to:
HypoNatremia = LOW SODIUM.
- ELECTROLYTES in the blood, such as sodium, fall to
LOW levels.
Addison’s Disease
Adrenal Insufficiency caused by not enough:
Aldosterone
Adrenaline
Cortisol
Long term Steroid use
Symptoms:
Chronic Fatigue - Muscle Weakness
LOW BP = Tachycardia
Dehydration
LOW SODIUM = Increased Potassium
Crave Salty Foods
LOW Blood Sugar
Nausea/Vomiting/Diarrhea
Hyperglycemia
Type I diabetes
Hyperglycemia > 200
Deep, rapid Kausmul respirations
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar.
Myxedema Coma
Severe HYPOthyroidism and a general slowing of the metabolism.
Hypothermia
Weight Gain
Puffy face
Weakness or lethargy
Low body temperature
Swelling of the tongue, and lower legs.
Cold intolerance.
Epiglottis
Epiglottis tends to have an abrupt onset and will present with drooling and a sore throat
Hematochezia
Rectal bleeding commonly from lower GI but also caused by upper GI bleeding as well.
Diseases:
Hemorrhoids
Fissures
Proctitis
Anorectal malignancy.
Cystic Fibrosis
body produces abnormally thick and sticky mucus.
This mucus clogs the lungs, pancreas, and intestines, making it difficult for the body to clear mucus and leading to infections.
Symptoms:
Fatty Greasy Stools
Cough
Repeated lung infections
Inability to gain weight.
Vasopressin
aka AntiDiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- a nonapeptide synthesized in the hypothalamus.
Helps control of the body’s osmotic balance, blood pressure regulation, sodium homeostasis, and kidney functioning.
Herpes zoster virus
Shingles
a viral disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which also causes CHICKENPOX.
After Chickenpox, the VZV remains dormant in the nervous system, but CAN REACTIVATE years later to cause SHINGLES.
Shingles is more common in adults and the elderly
Hepatitis A
Its all about that A…ss
oral fecal route
Hepatitis C
Most common Blood borne affects liver
from needles from IV blood
Hepatitis B
fecal matter.
Hepatitis D
occur through broken skin (via injection, tattooing etc.) or through contact with infected blood or blood products
can only get it if you have Hepatitis B
Hashimoto’s Disease
LOW Thyroid
B cell lymphocytes
humoral immunity
Hum-B
T cell lymphocytes
cellular immunity
Cell-T
The Bundle of Kent
The accessory pathway responsible for Delta waves in WPW.
DKA treatment
IV fluid bolus
12 Lead EKG
ETCO2 monitoring
Pancreatitis
Acute or Chronic disease
Alcoholism in men most common cause.
Gallstones in women most common cause.
S&S:
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Muscle spasms
Jaundice.
Laryngotracheobronchitis
Croup
- viral infection of upper airway
Pertussis
Whooping cough
- not caused by fever or stridor2
Cystic Fibrosis
a genetic disorder that causes the EXOCRINE (not endocrine) glands to work incorrectly. Exocrine glands produce and transfer its secretions (ex: mucous, tears, sweat, digestive enzymes) via DUCTS to an intended area of the body, rather than directly into the bloodstream.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Sudden-onset symptoms that include a CRUSHING HEADACHE often described as the worst they have ever experienced.
Increased ICP
Rapid-onset nausea, vomiting, and decreases in mental status.
As the pressure increases, S&S include:
- Seizure activity before becoming comatose,
- Increased Hypertension despite the blood loss
- Bradycardia
- Diminished respiratory effort.
