Disease Focus Flashcards
Disease Focus
Common signs and symptoms of many respiratory disorders include cough (dry or productive), chest pain (____), altered breathing patterns, shortness of breath (SOB), cyanosis, fever, and exercise intolerance. Many disorders of the respiratory system, including bronchitis and emphysema, begin as an acute problem but become chronic over time. Chronic respiratory diseases are difficult to treat. Their damaging effects are often irreversible.
For diagnosis, treatment, and management of respiratory disorders, the medical services of a specialist may be warranted.
Thoracodynia
For diagnosis, treatment, and management of respiratory disorders, the medical services of a specialist may be warranted. ____ is the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the respiratory system. The physician who treats these disorders is called a pulmonologist.
Pulmonology
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages. Because of its chronic nature, the disease leads to limited airflow into and out of the lungs, with increased difficulty in breathing (_____). COPD is insidious (developing gradually a symptomatic and is commonly first diagnosed after the patient has already lost some lung capacity. It is possible to have early stages of COPD without knowing it. The three major disorders of COPD are asthma, chronic ___, and _____.
dyspnea
Bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma produces spasms in the bronchial passages (bronchospasms) that may be sudden and violent (par_____smal)(occurs suddenly and disappears quickly), causing dyspnea(shortness of breath). Asthma is caused by exposure to allergens or irritants. Other causes include stress, cold, and exercise. During recovery, coughing episodes produce large amounts of mucus (productive cough). Over time, the epithelium of the bronchial passages ____, breathing becomes more difficult, and ____(exacerbations) occur more frequently. Treatment includes agents that loosen and break down mucus (muco_____) and medications that expand the bronchi (broncho_____) by relaxing their smooth muscles. Most cases of asthma can be treated effectively.
Oxy
Flareups
Thickens
Lytics
Dilators
However, when treatment does not reverse bronchospasm, a life-threatening condition called status _____ticus can occur, requiring hospitalization.
Athsma
Severity Level Description
At risk, mild
• Minor difficulty with airflow
• Possible presence of chronic cough with ____um (thick mucous) production
• Patient possibly unaware of disease
Moderate
• Apparent limitation in airflow
• Possible shortness of breath
• Patient possibly seeking medical intervention at this level
Sput
Severe
• Inadequate airflow
• Increase in shortness of breath with activity
• Patient experiencing diminished quality of life
Very severe
• Severe airflow limitations
• Significant impairment in quality of life
• Possible life-threatening exacerbations
• Possible development of complications, such as respiratory or heart failure
Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution. However, other agents, such as viruses and bacteria, may also cause the disorder. Bronchitis is characterized by swelling of the ____osa and a heavy, productive cough accompanied by chest pain. Patients commonly seek medical help when they suffer exercise intolerance, wheezing, and SOB. Bronchodilators and medications that aid in the removal of mucus (_____ants) help widen air passages. ____ are prescribed if the disease progresses or becomes chronic.
Muc
Expectorants
Steroids
Emphysema is characterized by decreased ___ of the alveoli. The alveoli expand (dilate) but are unable to contract to their original size, making it difficult to exhale. The air that remains trapped in the chest results in a characteristic “____-chested” appearance. Emphysema commonly occurs with another respiratory disorder, such as asthma, tuberculosis, or chronic ____, and in long-term heavy smokers. Most emphysema sufferers find it easier to breathe when sitting upright or standing erect (ortho____). As the disease progresses, relief—even in the orthopneic position—is not possible. Treatment for emphysema is similar to that for chronic_____.
Elasticity
Barrel
Bronchitis
Pnea
Bronchitis
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition affecting the lungs, primarily the microscopic air sacs (____). As inflammatory fluids collect in the alveoli, lung tissue loses its spongy texture and becomes swollen and engorged (_____tion), and oxygen exchange becomes difficult. Causes of pneumonia include bacterial and viral infections, but fungi, chemicals, and even inhaled substances such as food, vomitus, or liquids (____tion pneumonias) can also cause pneumonia.
Lobar pneumonia is generally of______ origin and affects a large portion or an entire lobe of a lung. Typically this disease occurs in young, healthy adults and thus is considered a ____ pneumonia.
_____ therapy is effective in the treatment of this disease.
Alveoli
Consolida
Aspira
Bacterial
Primary
Antibiotic
Bronchopneumonia is caused by a wider variety of organisms and is centered in the bronchi and surrounding alveoli. It tends to occur in infants, the elderly, and those suffering from other illnesses, including cancer, heart failure, and immune disorders. Because of this association, it is considered a _____ pneumonia.
Pneumo_____ pneumonia (PCP) is a type of pneumonia closely associated with AIDS. Recent evidence suggests that it is caused by an organism that resides in or on most people (normal ____) but causes no harm as long as the individual remains healthy. When the immune system begins to fail, this organism becomes infectious (_____).
Secondary
Cystis
Flora
opportunistic
Thoracodynia, dyspnea, hemoptysis, and coughing up sputum containing white blood cells (muco________ sputum) are common signs and symptoms of pneumonia.
Auscultation, percussion, chest x-ray, and blood tests help diagnose pneumonia. For elderly patients, especially those who are hospitalized with other health issues, a____ fluid culture and computed tomography (CT) scan aid in determining a diagnosis.
Purulent
Pleural
Acute Respiratory
______ syndrome (ARDS) is a condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of the patient. It usually occurs as a result of very serious lung conditions, such as trauma,_____ pneumonia, and other major infections that affect the entire body (systemic infections) or blood (sepsis). In ARDS, the alveoli fill with ____ (edema) caused by inflammation and then collapse, making oxygen exchange impossible.
_____________ is commonly required to save the life of the patient.
Distress
Severe
Fluid Mechanical ventilation
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is a form of respiratory distress syndrome seen in preterm infants or infants born to____ mothers. It is caused by insufficient ______ant, a phospholipid substance that helps keep alveoli____. With insufficient surfactant, the alveoli collapse, and breathing becomes labored. Clinical signs may include blueness (cyanosis) of the_____. Flaring of the nostrils (_____), rapid breathing (tachypnea), and a characteristic grunt audible during exhalation are signs of this disorder. Radiography shows a membrane that has a ground-glass appearance (_____membrane), bilateral decrease in lung volume, and fluid in the alveoli (alveolar_____). Although severe cases of hyaline membrane disease (HMD) result in death, some forms of therapy are effective.
diabetic
surfact
open
extremities
nares
hyaline
consolidation
Oncology
Lung cancer, also called broncho____ carcinoma, is a malignancy that arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree. As masses form, they block air passages and alveoli. Within a short time, they spread (metastasize) to other areas of the body, usually lymph nodes, liver,_____, brain, and kidneys. Cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers. High levels of pollution, radiation, and asbestos exposure may also increase risk. Very few lung cancers are found in the early stages when the cure rate is high. Treatment depends on the type, stage, and general health of the patient and includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of these methods. The prognosis for patients with lung cancer is generally poor
Genic
Bones
Diseases and conditions
Abnormal sounds or noises heard over the lungs and airways, commonly leading to a diagnosis of a respiratory or cardiac condition; also called ____tious breath sounds
Abnormal breath sounds
adventi
_________
Intermittent sounds caused by _____ates(fluid that has leaked out of blood vessels), spasms, hyper______, (growth) or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called _____(rattling sound)
Crackle
Exud
Plasia
Rale
Continuous sound heard during inspiration and expiration caused by secretions in the larger airways and commonly resembling snoring
Rhoncus
High-pitched, harsh sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway
Its presence may be life-threatening and requires immediate intervention.
Stridor
high-pitched, whistling sound typically heard during inhalation, caused by obstruction in the upper airway (larynx or trachea
Whistling or sighing that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway, a sign of asthma, croup, hay fever, obstructive emphysema, and other obstructive respiratory conditions.
Wheeze
whistling or musical sound, usually heard during exhalation, and is caused by obstruction in the lower airways (bronchi and bronchioles
Excessive acidity of body fluids
Respiratory acidosis is commonly associated with pulmonary_____ and the subsequent retention of carbon dioxide.
acidosis
Insufficiency
Absence of the sense of smell usually occurs as a temporary condition resulting from an upper respiratory infection (URI) or a condition that causes intranasal swelling.
anosmia
ăn-ŎZ-mē-ă
an-: without, not
-osmia: smell
Disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep, resulting in blood deoxygenation, causing the patient to awaken, gasping for air; also called sleep apnea
Apneic episodes may be as seldom as once per hour or as often as once every 5 minutes.
apnea
ĂP-nē-ă
a-: without, not
-pnea: breathing
_____
A form of sleep apnea that occurs when the brain fails to stimulate breathing muscles, causing brief pauses in breathing
_____-Stokes, a type of periodic respiration related to CSA, is commonly associated with heart failure.
Central CS
Cheyne
