Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
Anatomy and Physiology
The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Oxygen is essential for life. It is carried to all cells of the body in exchange for CO2, a waste product. The lungs and airways transport oxygen-enriched air from the atmosphere to the lungs and carry waste CO2 from the lungs to the atmosphere by a process called breathing (____). Breathing helps regulate the pH (acidity/alkalinity) of ____, thereby helping maintain a stable internal environment of the body (homeostasis).
Ventilation
Blood
Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism
The blood carries it to the lungs, which then exhale it.
carbon dioxide (CO2)
Tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone
The tip of the nose and the outer ear are composed of.
cartilage
Minute, hairlike structures that extend from the surface of a cell
___ in the trachea move particles upward to the pharynx, a mechanism called the ____ escalator. Habitual smoking destroys the ____ escalator.
Cilia 3x
To move or spread out a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces
Tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration
Diffuse
O2 oxygen
Symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance
Increasing acidity is expressed as a number ___ than 7; increasing alkalinity is expressed as a number ___ than 7; 7 indicates a neutral substance.
pH
Less
Greater
Thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa
serous membrane
ser: serum
-ous: pertaining to
Upper Respiratory Tract
The breathing process begins with inhalation. Air is drawn into the (1) nasal cavity, a chamber lined with ___ membranes and tiny ___ called cilia. Here, air is filtered, heated, and moistened to prepare it for its journey to the lungs. The nasal cavity is divided into a right and left side by a vertical partition of cartilage called the _____
Mucous
Hairs
Nasal septum
(Upper respiratory tract )
Olfactory ___ are receptors for the sense of smell. They are covered with a layer of mucus and located deep in the nasal cavity, embedded among the ___ cells lining the nasal tract. Because they are located higher in the nasal passage than air normally travels during breathing, a person must sniff or inhale deeply to identify weak odors. Air passes from the nasal cavity to the throat (___), a muscular tube that serves as a passageway for food and air.
Neurons
Epithelial
Pharynx
(Upper respiratory tract )
The pharynx consists of three sections: the (2) ___pharynx, posterior to the nose; the (3) ___pharynx, posterior to the mouth; and the (4) _____pharynx, superior to the larynx.
Within the nasopharynx is a collection of lymphoid tissue known as (5) ____ (pharyngeal tonsils). The (6) ___ tonsils, more commonly known as tonsils, are located in the ___pharynx. They protect the opening to the respiratory tract from microscopic organisms that may attempt entry by this route.
Naso
Oro
laryngo
Adenoids
Palatine
Oro
(Upper respiratory tract ) The (7) larynx (voice box) contains the structures that make vocal sounds possible. A leaf-shaped structure on top of the larynx, the (8) epiglottis, seals off the air passage to the lungs during swallowing. This function ensures that food or liquids do not obstruct the flow of air to the lungs. The larynx is a short passage that joins the pharynx with the (9) _____ (windpipe). The trachea is composed of smooth muscle embedded with C-shaped rings of _____, which provide rigidity to keep the air passage open.
Trachea
Cartilage
Lower Respiratory Tract
The trachea divides into ___ branches called (10) bronchi (singular, bronchus). One branch leads to the (11) R or L lung ? and the other to the (12) right or left lung? The inner walls of the trachea and bronchi are composed of mucous membrane (_____) embedded with cilia. This membrane traps incoming particles, and the cilia move the entrapped material upward into the pharynx, where it is expelled by coughing, sneezing, or swallowing. Like the trachea, bronchi contain C-shaped rings of____.
2
Cartilage
Right lung
Left lung
Mucosa
Lower respiratory tract : Each bronchus divides into smaller and smaller branches, eventually forming (13) ______. At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs called (14) _____ (singular,____). They resemble a small balloon because it expands and contracts with inflow and outflow of air. The (15) _____ capillaries lie next to the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli. ____ diffuses from the blood within the pulmonary capillaries and enters the alveolar spaces, and ____ from the alveoli diffuses into the blood. After the exchange of gases, freshly oxygenated blood returns to the heart. Oxygen is now ready for delivery to all body tissues.
Bronchioles
Alveoli
alveolus
Pulmonary
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Lower respiratory tract
The lungs are divided into lobes: three lobes in the ___ lung and two lobes in the ____ lung. The space between the right and left lungs is called the (16) mediastinum. It contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchi. A ___ membrane, the pleura, covers the lobes of the lungs and folds over to line the walls of the thoracic cavity. The membrane lying closest to the lung is the (17)____ pleura; the membrane that lines the____ cavity is the (18) parietal pleura. The space between these two membranes is the (19) pleural cavity. It contains a small amount of lubricating fluid, which permits the visceral pleura to glide smoothly over the parietal pleura during breathing. Go
Right
Left
Serous
visceral
thoracic
Lower respiratory tract : Ventilation depends on a ____
differential between the atmosphere and chest _____. A large muscular partition, the (20) diaphragm, lies between the chest and abdominal cavities. The diaphragm assists in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity to produce the needed pressure differential for ventilation. When the diaphragm contracts, it partially _____ into the abdominal cavity, thus decreasing the pressure within the chest and drawing air into the lungs (inspiration). When the diaphragm relaxes, it slowly ____ the thoracic cavity, thus increasing the pressure within the chest. As pressure increases, air leaves the lungs (expiration). The ____ muscles assist the diaphragm in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity by elevating and lowering the rib cage.
Pressure
Cavity
Descends
Re-enters
Intercostal
Pulmonary respiration is the process by which O2 is taken from air and carried to body cells for their use, and CO2 and water, the waste products generated by these cells, are carried to the ____ and returned to the environment. Respiration includes four separate processes:
• [pulmonary ventilation] (breathing), a largely involuntary action that moves air into (inspiration) and out of (expiration) the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 and CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Lungs
Pulmonary breathing : [external respiration,] the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
• [transport of respiratory gases], the movement of O2 to body cells and CO2 to the lungs by means of the cardiovascular system
• [internal respiration], the exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries.
Show Answer
CONNECTING BODY SYSTEMS—RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The main function of the respiratory system is to provide oxygen to the entire body and expel carbon dioxide from the body. Specific functional relationships between the respiratory system and other body systems are summarized here.
Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune
• The tonsils, adenoids, and other immune structures in the respiratory tract protect against pathogens that attempt entry through respiratory passageways.
Cardiovascular
• The respiratory system provides O2 and removes CO2 from cardiac tissue.
Digestive
• The respiratory system provides O2 needed for digestive functions.
• The respiratory system removes CO2 produced by the organs of digestion.
• The respiratory and digestive systems share the pharynx, an anatomic structure of digestion.
Endocrine
• The respiratory system helps maintain a stable pH required for proper functioning of the endocrine glands.
Female Reproductive
• Respiratory rate increases in response to sexual activity.
• Fetal respiration occurs during pregnancy.
Integumentary
• The respiratory system furnishes O2 and disposes of CO2 to maintain healthy skin.
Male Reproductive
• Respiratory rate increases in response to sexual activity.
• The respiratory system helps maintain pH for gonadal hormone function.
• Oxygen is supplied to reproductive structures to maintain viable sperm.
Musculoskeletal
• The respiratory system provides O2 for muscle contraction.
• The respiratory system eliminates CO2 produced by muscles.
• The respiratory system provides O2 for bone development.
Nervous
• The respiratory system provides O2 for brain, spinal cord, and sensory organ functions.
• The respiratory system helps maintain a stable pH for neural function.
Urinary
• The respiratory system supplies O2 and removes CO2 to maintain proper functioning of urinary structures.
• The respiratory system assists the urinary structures in regulating pH by removing CO2.
nas/o:
nose
nas/al (NĀ-zl): pertaining to the nose
-al: pertaining to
rhin/o
rhin/o/plasty (RĪ-nō-plăs-tē): plasty: surgical repair
Rhinoplasty is performed to correct birth defects or for cosmetic purposes
sept/o:
septum
sept/o/plasty (SĔP-tō-plăs-tē):
-plasty: surgical repair
Septoplasty is commonly performed to correct a deviated septum.
sinus/o:
sinus, cavity
sinus/o/tomy (sī-nŭs-ŎT-ō-mē):
-tomy: incision
Sinusotomy is performed to improve breathing or for drainage in unresponsive sinusitis.
