Diagnostic, Surgical, and Therapeutic Procedures Flashcards
Clinical Tuberculosis screening test in which an injection of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) is placed just beneath the surface of the skin to identify a previous exposure to tuberculosis
A positive test result is indicated by a lump that is hardened, red, and swollen at the injection site after 2 days. A positive test is followed up with a chest x-ray to confirm whether or not the patient has active tuberculosis.
Mantoux test
măn-TŪ
Clinical
Noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen; also called pulse _____
In ____, a probe attached to the patient’s finger or earlobe links to a computer that displays the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen.
oximetry3x
ŏk-SĬM-ĕ-trē
ox/i: oxygen
-metry: act of measuring
Clinical
Test of sleep cycles and stages using electroencephalograms (EEGs), which are continuous recordings of brain waves, as well as electrical activity of muscles, eye movement, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm and, sometimes, direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera
polysomnography
pŏl-ē-sŏm-NŎG-ră-fē
poly-: many, much
somn/o: sleep
-graphy: process of recording
Clinical
Series of tests to aid in the diagnosis of lung diseases and evaluate effectiveness of treatments
PFTs help evaluate patients with shortness of breath and assess lung function before surgery.
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
PŬL-mō-nĕ-rē
pulmon: lung
-ary: pertaining to
Clinical
PFT that measures how much and how quickly air moves in and out of the lungs (See Fig. 7-8.)
produces a graphic record of results for placement in the patient’s chart.
spirometry
spī-RŎM-ĕ-trē
spir/o: breathe
-metry: act of measuring
Endoscopy
Visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope (flexible fiberoptic or rigid) inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor (See Fig. 7-9.)
Attachments on the _____scope can help suction mucus, remove foreign bodies, collect sputum, or perform biopsy.
bronchoscopy
Broncho
brŏng-KŎS-kō-pē
bronch/o: bronchus
-scopy: visual examination
Endoscopy
Visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities
laryngoscopy
lăr-ĭn-GŎS-kō-pē
laryng/o: larynx (voice box)
-scopy: visual examination
Endoscopy Visual examination of the mediastinal structures, including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes
The scope inserted through a small incision made above the sternum. The attached camera projects images on a monitor. The surgeon may make additional incisions to remove nodes or perform other diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
mediastinoscopy
mē-dē-ăs-tĭ-NŎS-kō-pē
mediastin/o: mediastinum
-scopy: visual examination
Laboratory
Test that measures dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood
ABG analysis evaluates acid-base state and how well oxygen is being carried to body tissues.
arterial blood gas (ABG)
ăr-TĒ-rē-ăl
arteri/o: artery
-al: pertaining to
Laboratory Microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias
sputum culture
SPŪ-tŭm
Laboratory Measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat, used almost exclusively in children to confirm cystic fibrosis and is commonly considered the gold standard in diagnosis.
Sweat test
Laboratory Test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci
Untreated streptococcal infections may lead to serious secondary complications, including kidney and heart disease.
Throat culture
Imaging
Radiographic test that aids in identifying lung conditions such as pneumonia, lung cancer, COPD, and pneumothorax
When CXR results are inconclusive, other imaging tests are performed.
chest x-ray (CXR)
Imaging
Minimally invasive imaging that combines computed tomography scanning and angiography to produce images of the pulmonary arteries
CTPA is highly sensitive and specific for the presence of pulmonary___.
computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
tom/o: to cut
-graphy: process of recording
pulmon: lung
-ary: pertaining to
angi/o: vessel (usually blood or lymph)
-graphy: process of recording
emboli
Imaging
Nuclear test scan that evaluates airflow (ventilation) and______(perfusion) in the lungs for evidence of a blood clot in the lungs; also called V-Q lung scan
ventilation-perfusion
(V-Q) scan
Blood flow
Surgery
Excision of part of the pleura, usually the parietal pleura
Pleurectomy helps reduce pain caused by a tumor mass or prevent the recurrence of pleural effusion but is generally ineffective in the treatment of malignancy of the pleura.
Surgical
pleurectomy
ploor-ĔK-tō-mē
pleur: pleura
-ectomy: excision, removal
Surgery Excision of a lung or a portion of the lung, commonly for treatment of cancer
pneumonectomy
nū-mŏn-ĔK-tō-mē
pneumon: air; lung
-ectomy: excision, removal
Surgical
repair of a deviated nasal septum that is usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures
Common complications of a deviated septum include interference with breathing and a predisposition to sinus infections.
septoplasty
sĕp-tō-PLĂS-tē
sept/o: septum
-plasty: surgical repair
Surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; also called pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis
Thoracentesis as a diagnostic procedure helps determine the nature and cause of an effusion; as a therapeutic procedure, it relieves the discomfort caused by the effusion.
thoracentesis
thō-ră-sĕn-TĒ-sĭs
Surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted (See Fig. 7-12.)
tracheostomy
trā-kē-ŎS-tō-mē
trache/o: trachea
-stomy: forming an opening (mouth)
Therapy
Lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways
Techniques include nebulizer mist treatments (NMTs), metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), and dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Nebulizers change liquid medications into droplets to be inhaled through a mouthpiece. (See Fig. 7-13.) MDIs deliver a specific amount when activated. Children and the elderly can use a spacer to synchronize inhalation with medication release. (See Fig. 7-14.) DPIs are activated by a quick inhalation by the user.
Therapeutic
aerosol therapy
ĀR-ō-sŏl THĔR-ă-pē
Washing or irrigating of the paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient or one with known sinusitis that has failed to respond to medical management
antral lavage
Antral: maxillary sinus
Lavage: wash
ĂN-trăl lă-VĂZH
Procedure in which a plastic tube is inserted into the trachea to maintain an open airway
_____intubation is commonly performed before surgery when the patient is first placed under sedation or in emergency situations to facilitate ventilation if necessary.
endotracheal intubation
ĕn-dŏ-TRĀ-kē-ăl ĭn-tū-BĀ-shŭn
endo-: in, within
trache: trachea
-al: pertaining to
Method of positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs to make breathing easier
postural drainage
