disease etc ( year 12 )

Question 1

pathogens are passed around by plants via …

Answer 1

spores

Question 2

ways of preventing spread of pathogens etc.. .

Answer 2

leave plenty of room between plants- minimises spread of pathogens

.clear fields thoroughly to remove traces of plants from soil at harvesting

.roate crops, so bacteria will eventually die if they dont ahve access to host plant

.follwo strict hygiene practices- eg washing hands and machinery etc…

.control insectvectors

Question 3

how do histamines contribute to the inflammatory response

Answer 3

.dilate blood vessels- raised temp prevents pathogens reporduction

.makes blood vessel walls leka thus blood plasma forced out, now its tissue fluid which caues swelling and pain
.

.cytokines- attract white bood cells to site- dispose of pathogens via phagocytosis

Question 4

how do fevers get rid of pathogens ?

Answer 4

high temp, inhibit pathogen reproduction

.specific immune system- works faster at higher temperatuers

Question 5

mhc

Answer 5

glycoproteins !

Question 6

passive immunity

Answer 6

antibodies cross mothers placenta from mother to fetus . milk is made from coostrum - high in antibodies- gut allows these glycoproteins to pass into blood stream without digestion

.within few days of birth- breast fed baby has antibody protenction-

natural passive immunity because it lasts until immune system of baby begins to make its own antibodies

Question 7

the process of blood clotting !

Answer 7

When you cut yourself:
-Platelets come in contact with collagen in the skin
-Platelets stick to each other
-Secrete several substance
Thromboplastin – enzyme that leads to the formation of a blood clot
Serotonin – causes smooth muscle in walls to contract (narrowing reduces blood supply to area
-Clot dries out, forming a hard, tough scab
-Epidermal cells below start to grow, sealing wound permanently
-Damages blood vessels regrow
-Collagen fibres deposited to give new tissue strength

Question 8

whats inside pathogens ?

Answer 8

.dead pathgoens

weakened pathoens

detoxified toxins

isolated antigens

genetically engineered antigens

Question 9

pharmacogenomics

Answer 9

mediciens tailored to dna , because we already know how drug and genomes interact

Question 10

synthetic biology

Answer 10

used to make drugs in large quantities that would other wise be way too expensive or rare to make

Question 11

bacteriophafges

Answer 11

virus that attacks bacteria by taking over them and replicating them

Question 12

what do bacteria + fungitoxins do

Answer 12

inactivate host enzymes, interfere w genetic material so cells cant divide

Question 13

green box: a threat to english oak trees

Answer 13

exposed to diseasde - acute oak decline - scientist dont know the cause - diffuciult to understand spread

.evidence: discovery of unknown bacteria in tree - plays role in disease

.beetle activity- acts as vectors

Question 14

preventing spread of communicable disease in plants

Answer 14

leave roo mebtween

.clear fields

.rotate crops
.follow hygiene practices

.control insect vectors

Question 15

chitinases

anti oomycetes

Answer 15

antifungal compoiund breaks chitin wall

glucanases- enzymes made by osme plants- break down glucans- polymers found in cell walls of oomecytes

Question 16

non specific defenses

Answer 16

skin- sebum inhibits growth

.mucus membranes - traps pathogens

.lysozomes- tears and urine- digest pathogen

.coughs and sneeizng

Question 17

examples of non specific defenses

Answer 17

blood clotting

inflammatory response- histamines, cytokine

fevers- kills pathogens using heat

Question 18

autoimmune diseases

Answer 18

type 1 diabetes - affects insulin secreting cells- treated with insulin injections, pancreas transplants, drugs

rheumatoid arthritis - affects joints, no cure, anti inflammatory drugs, immunosuppresants, pain relie

lupus- affects skin and joints—> fatigues

.attacks any organ in body eg kidneys liver etc. no cure, anti inflammatory drugs, steroids and immunosuppresants needed

Question 19

there is no cure for

Answer 19

malaria and HIV

Question 20

how do we make vaccines for pathogens

Answer 20

complex computer programmes using 3d models of key molcules and computers used to search through chemical libraries

analysis of genomes of pathogens and genes linked to cancer

Question 21

disadvantages of making new medicines using plants etc..

Answer 21

destroys biodiversity

Question 22

the antibiotic dilemma

Answer 22

problem with making them so that they dont interfere with bacteria metabolism- called selective toxicity

Question 23

solving the problem

Answer 23

fear that we could return to days hwere bacterial infection killed loads of people - so scientists developing new antibiotics and using sources eg crocodile blood, fish slime, honey and ocean abysses

competitions for best, cheap way to test for bacterial infections

Question 24

glucanases

Answer 24

plant chemcial released to break down glucans (polymers in oomecyte cell walls )