cloning and biotechnology

Question 1

SCNT

Answer 1

1. remove nucleus from somatic cell of animal 2. remove neculeus from mature ovum from female animal 3.nucleus and enucleated ovum fuse by electric shock and then divides .embryo transferred to another animals uteru sto develop .new animal= clone of animal from original somatic cell (mitochondira comes from egg cell ) .

Question 2

use of SCNT

Answer 2

pharming- production of animals which are genetically engineered to produce human proteins in milk- also be used to produce GM naimals to grow organs that are used in human transplants

Question 3

arguments for SCNT

Answer 3

. high yield of farm animals to produce many mroe offspring than normal reporduction .desirable genes passed on .GM embryos -replicated and develop .clone specific animals .helps rare, endangered + extinct animals to be reproduce

Question 4

arguments against SCNT

Answer 4

inefficient- takes many to produce single offspring .embryos fail develop or get miscarried . shortened lifespans of clones .unsuccessful in ijncreasing populations of rare organims or extinct species being brought back to life

Question 5

conditions which most microorganisms need to grow

Answer 5

low temperature, removal of waste gases , supply of oxygen and food . their own enzymes are their catalysts + cheap compared to high temperatures and pressures

Question 6

Steps in baking

Answer 6

. + yeast –> flour –> left to rise in warm place .dough knocked, kneaded, shaped, left to rise again .cook in hot oven, co2 bubbles expan– bread rises–? yeat cells killed

Question 7

brewing

Answer 7

malting- bargley genrmiantes–> enzymes break starch to sugar which yeast uses. seeds killed by heat: enzyme activity retained to produce malt .mashing- malt + hot water-> enzymes break starch to wort. ops added for falvour /a ntiseptic qiualities. wort sterillised+ cooled .fermentation- wort innoculated w yeast. temp pmaintained for anaerobic repsiration. yeast inhibited by falling PH, build up of ethanol + lack of o2 .maturation beer condition for 29 days @ 6 degrees in tanks .finishing- beer filtered, pasteurised + bottled+ canned+ added co2 .alchohol content varies between 4-9 %

Question 8

Process of making cheese !

Answer 8

.pasteuries milk ( 95 degrees, 20 secs) and homogenise .mix w bacterial ccultures, keep unti milk seperates into solid curd and liquid whey .curd cut adn cooked in why and strained through cheesecloth. whey used for animal feeds] .curd put into steel / wooden drums–> pressed, dried, and matured

Question 9

yoghurt making

Answer 9

. milk powder–> milk–> pasteurised,homogenised and ocoled to 47 degrees .milk mixed 1:1 with lactobacillus ulgacarius and treptococcues thermophilius @ 45 degrees for 4 hrs .end of fermentation, yoghurt–>cartons @ 10 .thick set yoghurts mixed and ferment in pot .yoghurt stored in shelf at 19 days for 2-3 degrees

Question 10

advantages of using microorgansims to produce human food

Answer 10

• fast reproduction, fast protein syntehsis .high prot, little fat .usage of waste materials, eg human waste- reduce costs .gm microorganisms- produce protein required ..production nto dependannt on weather, breedin cycles etc.. contantly takes place .zero welfare issues .made to taste like anything

Question 11

disadvantages of using microorganisms to produce human food

Answer 11

toxins ( no optimum conditions ) .seperted from nutrient broth–> processed to make food .sterile condtions needed–> costly .involve GM orgnaisms= concerns eating .protein has to be purified so no toxin present .people dislike eating stuff grown on waste .little flavour- needs additives

Question 12

difference between animal insulin and human insulin

Answer 12

animal= IMPURE ( allergic reactions ) ( insulin was soured from pigs back in the old days! ). peak activity of animal insulin is hours after injection- thus claulating whne to eawt meals = difficult + some faith group, using pig is HARAM human=PURE

Question 13

risks in culturing micro organisms

Answer 13

mutation- making strain pathogenic contamination with pathogenic microorgranisms from environment

Question 14

serial dilution practical example

Answer 14

Question 15

advantages of immobilised enzymes

Answer 15

.reused= cheaper

.easy seperation of reactants and products= cheaper

.immobilised enzymes= high temperature tolerance= work over range of temperatures= bioreactor less expensive to run

ease of manipulation- catalytic properties of immobilised enzymes can be altererd to fit wider range of processes than free enzymes

Question 16

disadvantages of immobilised enzymes

Answer 16

.reduced acitviy rate

.higher costs due to materials

.bioreactor is expensive

.more technical issues, reactors w immobilised enzymes are more complex than simple fermenters thus more things go wrong