disease dilemmas Flashcards
show many deaths were from cancer in the uk between 2016-2018
166,533
whats an endemic disease
they exist permanently in a geographical area or population group
name 2 factors influencing risk of infection between countries
attitude and access to barrier contraception
infected blood transfusions in LIDCs
sharing needles and injecting materials
name 2 human factors affecting spread of communicable disease
crowded living and working conditions
inadequate sanitation
name 3 examples to lifestyle causes of cancer
obesity
poor diet
smoking and alcohol
sedentary lifestyle- laziness
what 2 impacts has a rise in disposable income had on cancer
more meat and dairy ready meals
= increased bowel cancer and obesity
more alcohol and smoking
= increase in lung and liver cancer
name an example of a cultural cause of cancer
use of sunbeds and going on holiday increases chances of skin cancer
how much does increase in cancers cost the economy and why
15 billion a year
- patients aren’t at work
- treatment on NHS
-early deaths
name an example of why cancer has a personal economic effect
- cost of travel to appointments
- extra heating at home
- helping at home
what kind of areas do we see higher cancer rates- how many more cases do we tend to see
- deprived areas
20,000 more cases
worse outcomes
name a reason why a deprived area may have higher cancer cases
industrial area
smoking rates are higher
less likely to get screened earlier
how many lives a year does the government plan to save
5000
name an example of direct strategies by the government to manage cancer
advanced medical technology
radiotherapy
name examples of indirect treatments by the government to manage cancer
education and health campaigns
spot symptoms of cancer campaigns
why have indirect strategies been insignificant
obesity rates have gone up since
how much does the number of skin cancer cases go up each year
3%
name 2 examples of direct methods to tackle skin cancer
surgery
chemotherapy
name 2 examples of indirect methods to tackle skin cancer
laws surrounding sunbeds
government issued subbed use
malaria background
vector Bourne disease caused by mosquitoes
how many deaths were caused by malaria in 2020
627,000
how many deaths are caused by malaria in Ethiopia annually
70,000
what areas are malaria free in Ethiopia
central highlands
name examples of the highest risk areas of malaria in Ethiopia
gambela
Tigray
what season do malaria rates peak
rainy season
what areas do mosquitoes like to breed in
warm, tropical conditions
why are there lower malaria rates in central highlands
lower temps
name 2 examples of human causes of malaria
increase in rice cultivation schemes- leads to more surface water so more breeding sites of mosquitoes
building of large water damn in west Ethiopia - creates a large reservoir for breeding
what impact does urbanisation have on malaria rates
Ethiopia urbanising has lead to new breeding sites for mosquitoes
especially garbage dumps and discarded containers
name 2 examples of socio economical impacts of malaria
many working age people become sick and absent from work leading to financial losses - on national scale impacts economy of developing countries like Ethiopia
how much is lost annually in production in sub saharan Africa due to malaria
12 billion
what is the national health spending on malaria in Ethiopia-as a percentage
40%
what effect does malaria have on tourism
malaria epidemic dissuades tourists leading to economic losses
what impact does malaria have on food security
farmers get sick and can’t produce enough food reducing productivity in agriculture
what is the presidents malaria initiative
an initiative to eliminate malaria worldwide set up by US
what plan has the Ethiopian president implemented against malaria
national malaria strategic plan to eliminate it by 2030
name 2 examples of strategies implemented by the presidents malaria initiative
mosquito nets given out
rapid diagnostic tests
name 2 examples of limitations of elimination strategies against malaria
homes need to be sprayed 3-6 months to remain protected
nets only protect people at night
what success has the elimination against malaria shown
no malaria epidemics since 2003
number of deaths due to malaria reduced by 54%
describe how increasing mobility can increase the diffusion of disease
greater human mobility driven by air travel
air travel can carry diseases easily from two diff countries
human mobility has increased in high income countries
when did the earthquake occur in Haiti
what magnitude was it
jan 2010
magnitude 7
how many people were killed due to the Haiti earthquake
220,000
name 2 examples of the main factors leading to the cholera outbreak in Haiti
poverty
many made homeless due to makeshift camps
when was the cholera outbreak confirmed in Haiti
October 2010
how many deaths were due to cholera in Haiti by 2014
720,000
what did the British Red Cross do to mitigate the cholera outbreak
clean water and sanitation given
hygiene programme implemented
what did NGOs do for the cholera outbreak in Haiti
NGO volunteers went door to door giving advice on how to spot symptoms
what were cases reduced by due to NGOs
went from 35,000 cases a month to 2,200
what speculation has been given to NGOs
money has gone missing making people not trust them
UN admitted they transported cholera to the country
what are the key roles of the world health organisation
provides leadership on key health areas
collect health data from 194 members
monitors health situations eg covid 19
provide technical support during health crises
researching health issues
who did the WHO team up with to help fight malaria
positive impacts
WHO with GSK
over 1 million children have been protected first by malaria vaccine
what is an example of a criticism of the who
its work if largely funded by voluntary contributions from member states
so if countries fund less than less work can be done
