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disease dilemmas Flashcards

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1
Q

show many deaths were from cancer in the uk between 2016-2018

A

166,533

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2
Q

whats an endemic disease

A

they exist permanently in a geographical area or population group

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3
Q

name 2 factors influencing risk of infection between countries

A

attitude and access to barrier contraception

infected blood transfusions in LIDCs

sharing needles and injecting materials

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4
Q

name 2 human factors affecting spread of communicable disease

A

crowded living and working conditions
inadequate sanitation

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5
Q

name 3 examples to lifestyle causes of cancer

A

obesity

poor diet

smoking and alcohol

sedentary lifestyle- laziness

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6
Q

what 2 impacts has a rise in disposable income had on cancer

A

more meat and dairy ready meals
= increased bowel cancer and obesity

more alcohol and smoking
= increase in lung and liver cancer

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7
Q

name an example of a cultural cause of cancer

A

use of sunbeds and going on holiday increases chances of skin cancer

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8
Q

how much does increase in cancers cost the economy and why

A

15 billion a year

  • patients aren’t at work
  • treatment on NHS
    -early deaths
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9
Q

name an example of why cancer has a personal economic effect

A
  • cost of travel to appointments
  • extra heating at home
  • helping at home
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10
Q

what kind of areas do we see higher cancer rates- how many more cases do we tend to see

A
  • deprived areas

20,000 more cases

worse outcomes

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11
Q

name a reason why a deprived area may have higher cancer cases

A

industrial area

smoking rates are higher

less likely to get screened earlier

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12
Q

how many lives a year does the government plan to save

A

5000

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13
Q

name an example of direct strategies by the government to manage cancer

A

advanced medical technology

radiotherapy

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14
Q

name examples of indirect treatments by the government to manage cancer

A

education and health campaigns

spot symptoms of cancer campaigns

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15
Q

why have indirect strategies been insignificant

A

obesity rates have gone up since

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16
Q

how much does the number of skin cancer cases go up each year

A

3%

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17
Q

name 2 examples of direct methods to tackle skin cancer

A

surgery

chemotherapy

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18
Q

name 2 examples of indirect methods to tackle skin cancer

A

laws surrounding sunbeds

government issued subbed use

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19
Q

malaria background

A

vector Bourne disease caused by mosquitoes

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20
Q

how many deaths were caused by malaria in 2020

A

627,000

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21
Q

how many deaths are caused by malaria in Ethiopia annually

A

70,000

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22
Q

what areas are malaria free in Ethiopia

A

central highlands

23
Q

name examples of the highest risk areas of malaria in Ethiopia

A

gambela
Tigray

24
Q

what season do malaria rates peak

A

rainy season

25
Q

what areas do mosquitoes like to breed in

A

warm, tropical conditions

26
Q

why are there lower malaria rates in central highlands

A

lower temps

27
Q

name 2 examples of human causes of malaria

A

increase in rice cultivation schemes- leads to more surface water so more breeding sites of mosquitoes

building of large water damn in west Ethiopia - creates a large reservoir for breeding

28
Q

what impact does urbanisation have on malaria rates

A

Ethiopia urbanising has lead to new breeding sites for mosquitoes

especially garbage dumps and discarded containers

29
Q

name 2 examples of socio economical impacts of malaria

A

many working age people become sick and absent from work leading to financial losses - on national scale impacts economy of developing countries like Ethiopia

30
Q

how much is lost annually in production in sub saharan Africa due to malaria

A

12 billion

31
Q

what is the national health spending on malaria in Ethiopia-as a percentage

A

40%

32
Q

what effect does malaria have on tourism

A

malaria epidemic dissuades tourists leading to economic losses

33
Q

what impact does malaria have on food security

A

farmers get sick and can’t produce enough food reducing productivity in agriculture

34
Q

what is the presidents malaria initiative

A

an initiative to eliminate malaria worldwide set up by US

35
Q

what plan has the Ethiopian president implemented against malaria

A

national malaria strategic plan to eliminate it by 2030

36
Q

name 2 examples of strategies implemented by the presidents malaria initiative

A

mosquito nets given out

rapid diagnostic tests

37
Q

name 2 examples of limitations of elimination strategies against malaria

A

homes need to be sprayed 3-6 months to remain protected

nets only protect people at night

38
Q

what success has the elimination against malaria shown

A

no malaria epidemics since 2003

number of deaths due to malaria reduced by 54%

39
Q

describe how increasing mobility can increase the diffusion of disease

A

greater human mobility driven by air travel

air travel can carry diseases easily from two diff countries

human mobility has increased in high income countries

40
Q
A
41
Q

when did the earthquake occur in Haiti

what magnitude was it

A

jan 2010

magnitude 7

42
Q

how many people were killed due to the Haiti earthquake

A

220,000

43
Q

name 2 examples of the main factors leading to the cholera outbreak in Haiti

A

poverty

many made homeless due to makeshift camps

44
Q

when was the cholera outbreak confirmed in Haiti

A

October 2010

45
Q

how many deaths were due to cholera in Haiti by 2014

A

720,000

46
Q

what did the British Red Cross do to mitigate the cholera outbreak

A

clean water and sanitation given

hygiene programme implemented

47
Q

what did NGOs do for the cholera outbreak in Haiti

A

NGO volunteers went door to door giving advice on how to spot symptoms

48
Q

what were cases reduced by due to NGOs

A

went from 35,000 cases a month to 2,200

49
Q

what speculation has been given to NGOs

A

money has gone missing making people not trust them

UN admitted they transported cholera to the country

50
Q

what are the key roles of the world health organisation

A

provides leadership on key health areas

collect health data from 194 members

monitors health situations eg covid 19

provide technical support during health crises

researching health issues

51
Q

who did the WHO team up with to help fight malaria

positive impacts

A

WHO with GSK

over 1 million children have been protected first by malaria vaccine

52
Q

what is an example of a criticism of the who

A

its work if largely funded by voluntary contributions from member states

so if countries fund less than less work can be done

53
Q
A
54
Q
A

geography (9 decks)

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