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geography > Changing Spaces > Flashcards

Changing Spaces Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the difference between space and place

A

a place has more meaning then space

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2
Q

name 3 examples of what can make the identity of a place

A

physical geography
culture
demography

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3
Q

what is a diaspora

A

movement of people away from their homeland

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4
Q

global village meaning

A

describes the closer connections places now have regardless of distance

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5
Q

what is globalisation

A

the growing integration and interdependence of peoples lives with economic, social and political components

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6
Q

what impacts does globalisation have on finance

A

trillions of dollars exchanged electronically
TNCs have greater turnovers

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7
Q

what is structural economic change

A

change in the percentage of a countries workforce employed in different sectors

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8
Q

what is a TNC

A

transactional corporations

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9
Q

what impact does globalisation have on politics

A

expansion of international political organisations
media organisations can impact how people vote

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10
Q

what impact does globalisation have on people

A

-people with skills management etc are moving to where they are in demand
-migrants are coming to areas with higher paid work eg the UK

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11
Q

what impact does globalisation have on culture

A

-increasing inexpensive global phone and internet connections
-global tourism is transporting people to far locations

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12
Q

what does the idea of time space compression explain

A

spaces no longer a barrier it was to communication, movement of people, goods and ideas

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13
Q

what does doreen massey say about time space compression

A
  • the border of the worlds greatest ocean have been joined as never before due to the boeing planes
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14
Q

what is the difference between formal and informal representation

A

formal data usually has quantative data and informal is usually more subjective

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15
Q

name 3 examples of factors affecting perceptions of place

A

gender
religion
sexuality

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16
Q

name an example of a factor affecting perception of a rural place

A

re-urbanisation

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17
Q

what is swanages demographic characteristics like

A
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18
Q

Swanage’s location

A

dorset, south coast of England

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19
Q

lozells location

A

west birmingham, UK

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20
Q

swanage natural characteristics

A

surrounded by bands of hard and soft rock

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21
Q

lozells natural characteristics

A

overlies a mixture of sand and pebbles

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22
Q

swanage socio-economic characteristics

A

6% are unemployed or have never worked
17% have no level of education
18% have no cars

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23
Q

lozells socio-economic characteristics

A

31% are unemployed or have never worked
35% have no level of education
42% have no cars

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24
Q

swanage cultural characteristics

A

54% christian

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25
Q

lozells cultural characteristics

A

73% Muslim

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26
Q

how has lozells place identity been shaped by flows of people

A

-long history of immigration from Caribbean south asian etc
- cultural diversity has contributed to lozells
- economic activity of people setting up small businesses etc

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27
Q

how has swanages place identity been shaped by flows of people

A
  • cultural exchange leading to traditions, customs and migration

-tourisms ebb and flow brings economic benefits

-migration has helped bring perspectives and skills

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28
Q

how has lozells place identity been shaped by flows of money

A
  • management of natural resources such as green spaces has helped give a positive place identity
  • availability of amenities have increased the quality of infrastructure and public amenities

-investment in housing has lead to gentrification which changes SE characteristics

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29
Q

how has Swanage been shaped by flows of money

A
  • economic development and infrastructure
    money from local businesses and investment has influenced the towns infrastructure

-money from tourism has helped shape the towns appeal to tourists and dictates the development of services and attractions

  • flows of money through real estate has helped develop its physical landscape and social structure
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30
Q

how has lozells been shaped by flows of resources

A

urban planning and design- allocation of resources for urban planning shapes physical layout and aesthetics

educational resources- presence of schools, libraries allow development for opportunities for residence which shapes it as an educated area

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31
Q

how has swanage been shaped by flows of resources

A

natural resources- location makes it good for fishing and marine sources influences its economy

building materials- extraction of local stone for building has helped shape its architecture

financial resources- investments have helped shape the towns development

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32
Q

how has lozells place identity been shaped by flows of ideas

A
  • cultural exchange - flows of ideas contribute to a diverse cultural identity
  • religious diversity has lead to interfaith co-operation to promote understanding with different groups

-community activism has helped shape the communities voice and actions

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33
Q

how has Swanage place identity been shaped by past connections

A
  • coastal location has helped it to become a world heritage site and attracted tourist

-past quarrying of limestone has helped construct buildings including west minister abbey

  • swanage railway has helped shap its identity showing its transport history
34
Q

how has lozells place identity been shaped by past connections

A
  • historical migration has helped show lozells as a place with employment opportunity for a better quality of life
  • cultural influences has brought diverse cultural influences

-community networks has allowed support and information to bring a sense of belonging for residents

35
Q

how has lozells place identity been shaped by present connections

A
  • ongoing immigration has helped shape its demographical makeup

-globalisation has helped involve lozells with international trade

  • use of modern communication connects lozells to the rest of the world
36
Q

how has swanages place identity been shaped by present connections

A

-cultural events and festivals help provide opportunities with residents to engage with local arts etc

-ongoing economic activities help influence the infrastructure etc

  • tourists help influence new attractions and services
37
Q

what is spatial inequality and why does it exist

A

unequal distribution of resources, opportunities wealth etc across geographical areas, regions or locations

38
Q

what were the levels of education deprivation recorded in england in 2019

A

13.5%

39
Q

what is a player/stakeholder

A

individuals or organisations that drive economic change their responsibilities ideas and opinions shape the change that ocurs

40
Q

what’s an informal method of place representation

A

based on the perceptions of individuals and groups

this can be film art etc

41
Q

what are formal methods of place representation

A

objective and closely linked to quantitive data

eg facts not opinions like cencus data

42
Q

how do Acs and LIDCs benefit from time-space compression

A

tourist resorts in developing countries

financial centres in Acs like London and Tokyo

43
Q

how have some places lost out due to time - space compression

A

old manufacturing areas have become deindustrialised due to global shift

LIDCs and EDCs have small scale farmers that have been out-competed

44
Q

explain the influence of technology on time-space compression

A

social media acts like a digital home so physical distance is less of a hinderance on real-time communication

increase speed of communication allows for fast spreading global news etc

45
Q

what is distance decay

A

states that the interaction between two places declines as the distance increases

46
Q

what is structural economic change

A

change in the percentage of a country’s workforce employed in different sectors

47
Q

what is reshoring and why is it occurring

A

deciding to stop getting their manufacturing done overseas such as china and returning work to home country

48
Q

name 2 reasons for why there has been a change in the global shift

A

wages in EDCs have risen and new tech in western factories means they need less staff

increased speed of production development means consumer technology products improved so production is shorter and more beneficial to have access to manufacturers

49
Q

where does global shift have the biggest impacts

A

ACs and EDCS

50
Q

name 2 ways in which global shift has changed in the last 30 yrs

A

manufacturing jobs moved from ACS to EDCs such as china and Indonesia

some service industries like call centres have moved to india

51
Q

name 3 benefits of global shift for host countries

A
  • structural investments eg roads and airports
  • increased formal employment with wages
  • investments in education and skills
52
Q

name 3 consequences from global shift for host countries

A

-poor governance = poorly planned investments

  • rapid rural-urban migration so urban sprawl
  • pressure on natural resources eg water and energy
53
Q

name 2 benefits of global shift for source countries

A
  • restructuring of industry - changes in employment types
  • lower levels of industrial pollution - air and water

-declining population in city regions

54
Q

what is social inequality

A

the uneven distribution of opportunities and rewards for different social groups including housing, healthcare, education etc

55
Q

name the 2 different factors affecting social inequality

A

spatial scales and time

56
Q

what’s absolute poverty

A

when someone cannot afford to purchase minimum amount of food and other essential items required for an acceptable quality of life

57
Q

what’s relative poverty

A

relates a persons income to the distribution of income across the whole population

58
Q

how does the index of multiple deprivation measure social inequality

A

informs the national and local government decision-making

ranks areas based on education, income etc

59
Q

what is the human development index

A

produces a number between 0 and 1 ranking countries based off economic criteria

60
Q

how is health used to measure social inequality

A

measured by morbidity, longevity

access to healthcare and clean water, sanitation etc

consumption of tobacco and alcohol

61
Q

how can education be used to measure social inequality

A

formal education represented by adult literacy rate

outcomes are strongly linked to income levels

boys likely to have lower exam results than girls

62
Q

how can employment and income be used to measure social inequality

A

in uk huge disparity in incomes and cost of living

those working in primary sector receive lower pay

63
Q

how can access to services be used to measure social inequality

A

number and quality of services available

quality of transport links to services

64
Q

how does income affect social inequality

A

it changes the ability to pay for housing, goods and services

In general wealthy people live with other wealthy people

65
Q

how does housing affect social inequality

A

in ACs house price inflation makes it harder for those with low/average income to rent/buy homes

low income people tend to live in slum housing

cold and damp housing is associated with ill health

66
Q

what does sub-standard housing mean.

A

cold and damp- below the standard

67
Q

how does health affect social inequality

A

access to healthcare in rural areas may be challenging

poorer inner city areas have lower levels of healthcare than other areas

richer people have better access to private healthcare

68
Q

how does education affect social inequality

A

contrasts in access to education between rural and urban areas

education can influence a person’s ability to improve their health eg affects attitudes towards vaccination

69
Q

how does access to services affect social inequality

A

people living in core regions- where wealth and investment is highest have better access to services

digital divide exists = ppl with phones etc have faster access to online services

some places restrict access to services eg china

70
Q

how does gender affect social inequality

A

gap between men and woman pay was 7.4% in April 2020

woman are employed more in lower paying employment

71
Q

how does globalisation and global shift affect social inequality

A

Acs experienced deindustrialisation and unemployment followed by regeneration eg bham

in 2022 uk tech industry reached marked value of 1 trillion

72
Q

name 3 ways in which the government help reduce social inequality

A
  • increase spending on education, pensions and healthcare
  • set higher minimum wage and increase unemployment benefits
  • increase spending on rural services such as broadband
73
Q

name 3 ways in which the government help cause social inequality

A
  • implement policies that favour certain groups

-decreased spending on education, pensions and healthcare

  • unequal acesa to healthcare based on where you live
74
Q

what is a economic boom and recession

A

boom= growth

recession = stagnation

75
Q

what is the positives and negatives of economic booms

A

technological innovation and new industrial development creates many opportunities

however this may not be evenly distributed

76
Q

what is the negatives of economic recessions

A

bankruptcy and unemployment rise

reduced disposable income

77
Q

name 2 examples of the impacts of national government in placemaking processes

A
  • fit economic change into a strategy of regional development eg invest in infrastructure and transport
  • try to attract Foreign investments to create new jobs etc
78
Q

name 2 examples of how local government help placemaking processes

A
  • attract investment to raise living standards and reduce deprivation levels

-maintain own planning departments

79
Q

name a way international institutions help placemaking

A

Eu has provided vast amounts of money to regenerate declining areas across the UK

80
Q

how have planners and architects helped placemaking

A
  • local authorities create attractive business environments for investors and highly skilled workers

design plans to designate specific areas for development

81
Q

how have residents and local communities helped placemaking

A
  • seek better housing more employment opportunities etc
  • digital placemaking uses social media to encourage public participation in decision making and planning
82
Q
A

geography (9 decks)

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