Changing Spaces Flashcards
what is the difference between space and place
a place has more meaning then space
name 3 examples of what can make the identity of a place
physical geography
culture
demography
what is a diaspora
movement of people away from their homeland
global village meaning
describes the closer connections places now have regardless of distance
what is globalisation
the growing integration and interdependence of peoples lives with economic, social and political components
what impacts does globalisation have on finance
trillions of dollars exchanged electronically
TNCs have greater turnovers
what is structural economic change
change in the percentage of a countries workforce employed in different sectors
what is a TNC
transactional corporations
what impact does globalisation have on politics
expansion of international political organisations
media organisations can impact how people vote
what impact does globalisation have on people
-people with skills management etc are moving to where they are in demand
-migrants are coming to areas with higher paid work eg the UK
what impact does globalisation have on culture
-increasing inexpensive global phone and internet connections
-global tourism is transporting people to far locations
what does the idea of time space compression explain
spaces no longer a barrier it was to communication, movement of people, goods and ideas
what does doreen massey say about time space compression
- the border of the worlds greatest ocean have been joined as never before due to the boeing planes
what is the difference between formal and informal representation
formal data usually has quantative data and informal is usually more subjective
name 3 examples of factors affecting perceptions of place
gender
religion
sexuality
name an example of a factor affecting perception of a rural place
re-urbanisation
what is swanages demographic characteristics like
Swanage’s location
dorset, south coast of England
lozells location
west birmingham, UK
swanage natural characteristics
surrounded by bands of hard and soft rock
lozells natural characteristics
overlies a mixture of sand and pebbles
swanage socio-economic characteristics
6% are unemployed or have never worked
17% have no level of education
18% have no cars
lozells socio-economic characteristics
31% are unemployed or have never worked
35% have no level of education
42% have no cars
swanage cultural characteristics
54% christian
lozells cultural characteristics
73% Muslim
how has lozells place identity been shaped by flows of people
-long history of immigration from Caribbean south asian etc
- cultural diversity has contributed to lozells
- economic activity of people setting up small businesses etc
how has swanages place identity been shaped by flows of people
- cultural exchange leading to traditions, customs and migration
-tourisms ebb and flow brings economic benefits
-migration has helped bring perspectives and skills
how has lozells place identity been shaped by flows of money
- management of natural resources such as green spaces has helped give a positive place identity
- availability of amenities have increased the quality of infrastructure and public amenities
-investment in housing has lead to gentrification which changes SE characteristics
how has Swanage been shaped by flows of money
- economic development and infrastructure
money from local businesses and investment has influenced the towns infrastructure
-money from tourism has helped shape the towns appeal to tourists and dictates the development of services and attractions
- flows of money through real estate has helped develop its physical landscape and social structure
how has lozells been shaped by flows of resources
urban planning and design- allocation of resources for urban planning shapes physical layout and aesthetics
educational resources- presence of schools, libraries allow development for opportunities for residence which shapes it as an educated area
how has swanage been shaped by flows of resources
natural resources- location makes it good for fishing and marine sources influences its economy
building materials- extraction of local stone for building has helped shape its architecture
financial resources- investments have helped shape the towns development
how has lozells place identity been shaped by flows of ideas
- cultural exchange - flows of ideas contribute to a diverse cultural identity
- religious diversity has lead to interfaith co-operation to promote understanding with different groups
-community activism has helped shape the communities voice and actions
how has Swanage place identity been shaped by past connections
- coastal location has helped it to become a world heritage site and attracted tourist
-past quarrying of limestone has helped construct buildings including west minister abbey
- swanage railway has helped shap its identity showing its transport history
how has lozells place identity been shaped by past connections
- historical migration has helped show lozells as a place with employment opportunity for a better quality of life
- cultural influences has brought diverse cultural influences
-community networks has allowed support and information to bring a sense of belonging for residents
how has lozells place identity been shaped by present connections
- ongoing immigration has helped shape its demographical makeup
-globalisation has helped involve lozells with international trade
- use of modern communication connects lozells to the rest of the world
how has swanages place identity been shaped by present connections
-cultural events and festivals help provide opportunities with residents to engage with local arts etc
-ongoing economic activities help influence the infrastructure etc
- tourists help influence new attractions and services
what is spatial inequality and why does it exist
unequal distribution of resources, opportunities wealth etc across geographical areas, regions or locations
what were the levels of education deprivation recorded in england in 2019
13.5%
what is a player/stakeholder
individuals or organisations that drive economic change their responsibilities ideas and opinions shape the change that ocurs
what’s an informal method of place representation
based on the perceptions of individuals and groups
this can be film art etc
what are formal methods of place representation
objective and closely linked to quantitive data
eg facts not opinions like cencus data
how do Acs and LIDCs benefit from time-space compression
tourist resorts in developing countries
financial centres in Acs like London and Tokyo
how have some places lost out due to time - space compression
old manufacturing areas have become deindustrialised due to global shift
LIDCs and EDCs have small scale farmers that have been out-competed
explain the influence of technology on time-space compression
social media acts like a digital home so physical distance is less of a hinderance on real-time communication
increase speed of communication allows for fast spreading global news etc
what is distance decay
states that the interaction between two places declines as the distance increases
what is structural economic change
change in the percentage of a country’s workforce employed in different sectors
what is reshoring and why is it occurring
deciding to stop getting their manufacturing done overseas such as china and returning work to home country
name 2 reasons for why there has been a change in the global shift
wages in EDCs have risen and new tech in western factories means they need less staff
increased speed of production development means consumer technology products improved so production is shorter and more beneficial to have access to manufacturers
where does global shift have the biggest impacts
ACs and EDCS
name 2 ways in which global shift has changed in the last 30 yrs
manufacturing jobs moved from ACS to EDCs such as china and Indonesia
some service industries like call centres have moved to india
name 3 benefits of global shift for host countries
- structural investments eg roads and airports
- increased formal employment with wages
- investments in education and skills
name 3 consequences from global shift for host countries
-poor governance = poorly planned investments
- rapid rural-urban migration so urban sprawl
- pressure on natural resources eg water and energy
name 2 benefits of global shift for source countries
- restructuring of industry - changes in employment types
- lower levels of industrial pollution - air and water
-declining population in city regions
what is social inequality
the uneven distribution of opportunities and rewards for different social groups including housing, healthcare, education etc
name the 2 different factors affecting social inequality
spatial scales and time
what’s absolute poverty
when someone cannot afford to purchase minimum amount of food and other essential items required for an acceptable quality of life
what’s relative poverty
relates a persons income to the distribution of income across the whole population
how does the index of multiple deprivation measure social inequality
informs the national and local government decision-making
ranks areas based on education, income etc
what is the human development index
produces a number between 0 and 1 ranking countries based off economic criteria
how is health used to measure social inequality
measured by morbidity, longevity
access to healthcare and clean water, sanitation etc
consumption of tobacco and alcohol
how can education be used to measure social inequality
formal education represented by adult literacy rate
outcomes are strongly linked to income levels
boys likely to have lower exam results than girls
how can employment and income be used to measure social inequality
in uk huge disparity in incomes and cost of living
those working in primary sector receive lower pay
how can access to services be used to measure social inequality
number and quality of services available
quality of transport links to services
how does income affect social inequality
it changes the ability to pay for housing, goods and services
In general wealthy people live with other wealthy people
how does housing affect social inequality
in ACs house price inflation makes it harder for those with low/average income to rent/buy homes
low income people tend to live in slum housing
cold and damp housing is associated with ill health
what does sub-standard housing mean.
cold and damp- below the standard
how does health affect social inequality
access to healthcare in rural areas may be challenging
poorer inner city areas have lower levels of healthcare than other areas
richer people have better access to private healthcare
how does education affect social inequality
contrasts in access to education between rural and urban areas
education can influence a person’s ability to improve their health eg affects attitudes towards vaccination
how does access to services affect social inequality
people living in core regions- where wealth and investment is highest have better access to services
digital divide exists = ppl with phones etc have faster access to online services
some places restrict access to services eg china
how does gender affect social inequality
gap between men and woman pay was 7.4% in April 2020
woman are employed more in lower paying employment
how does globalisation and global shift affect social inequality
Acs experienced deindustrialisation and unemployment followed by regeneration eg bham
in 2022 uk tech industry reached marked value of 1 trillion
name 3 ways in which the government help reduce social inequality
- increase spending on education, pensions and healthcare
- set higher minimum wage and increase unemployment benefits
- increase spending on rural services such as broadband
name 3 ways in which the government help cause social inequality
- implement policies that favour certain groups
-decreased spending on education, pensions and healthcare
- unequal acesa to healthcare based on where you live
what is a economic boom and recession
boom= growth
recession = stagnation
what is the positives and negatives of economic booms
technological innovation and new industrial development creates many opportunities
however this may not be evenly distributed
what is the negatives of economic recessions
bankruptcy and unemployment rise
reduced disposable income
name 2 examples of the impacts of national government in placemaking processes
- fit economic change into a strategy of regional development eg invest in infrastructure and transport
- try to attract Foreign investments to create new jobs etc
name 2 examples of how local government help placemaking processes
- attract investment to raise living standards and reduce deprivation levels
-maintain own planning departments
name a way international institutions help placemaking
Eu has provided vast amounts of money to regenerate declining areas across the UK
how have planners and architects helped placemaking
- local authorities create attractive business environments for investors and highly skilled workers
design plans to designate specific areas for development
how have residents and local communities helped placemaking
- seek better housing more employment opportunities etc
- digital placemaking uses social media to encourage public participation in decision making and planning
