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Science Olympiad > Disease Detectives > Flashcards

Disease Detectives Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Agent

A

a factor whose presence or excessive presence is essential for the occurrence of a disease

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2
Q

Attack Rate

A

the ratio of cases to a defined pop (#of cases/pop)

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3
Q

Carrier/ host

A

person/ animal without apparent disease who harbors an agent and is capable of transmitting it to others

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4
Q

case

A

countable instance in pop/ survey group of a particular condition under investigation

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5
Q

epidemic

A

more cases of a disease than expected in a given area

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6
Q

epidemiology

A

study of the distribution and causes of health- related states or events in a specific pop, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

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7
Q

mortality rate

A

measure of death in a defined pop over a period of time

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8
Q

pandemic

A

epidemic occurring over a large area, such as a few countries

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9
Q

zoonoses

A

infectious disease that goes from animals to humans in normal conditions

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10
Q

cluster

A

number of cases of a disease/ health condition that are closely grouped in time and place

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11
Q

surveillance

A

the collection, analysis, interpretation of health data, purpose is to gain knowledge of the patterns of disease or conditions

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12
Q

risk

A

probability that an individual will be affected by or die from an illness or injury within a stated time or age span

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13
Q

fomite

A

inanimate object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person

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14
Q

vector

A

indirect transmission of an agent that carries the agent to reservoir to a susceptible host

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15
Q

Step 1

A

prepare for field work

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16
Q

Step 2

A

establish existence of outbreak

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17
Q

Step 3

A

verify diagnose

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18
Q

Step 4

A

define and identify cases

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19
Q

Step 5

A

describe in terms of time, place, person triad

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20
Q

Step 6

A

develop hypothesis using agent, host, environmental triad

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21
Q

Step 7

A

evaluate your hypothesis

22
Q

Step 8

A

refine hypothesis and do additional studies

23
Q

Step 9

A

implement control and preventative measures

24
Q

Step 10

A

communicate findings

25
Q

hill’s criteria for causation

A

nine criteria that must be met to establish cause and effect relationship

26
Q

Strength of Association

A

relationship is clear and risk estimate is high

27
Q

Consistency

A

repeated in different populations at different times

28
Q

Specificity

A

a single cause produces a specific effect

29
Q

Alternative Explanations

A

consideration of multiple hypotheses before making conclusions

30
Q

Temporality

A

cause/exposure before the effect/outcome

31
Q

Dose-Response Relationship

A

an increasing amount of exposure increases the risk

32
Q

Biological Plausibility

A

corresponds with current biological understanding

33
Q

Experimental Evidence

A

can be accelerated or prevented by human interference

34
Q

Coherence

A

relationship developed is consistent with past cases

35
Q

epidemiological triad

A 
for infectious disease
needs agent (external), host (susceptible), and environment that brings them together
36
Q

chain of transmissions (way its transmitted)

A

start with agent ->fomite or vector ->then to host

37
Q

2x2 table

A

Table which has two columns and rows for people with or without exposure and with or without disease; shows amount of people with each characteristic. (row- exposure, no exposure: columns- disease, no disease)

38
Q

odds ratio

A

used in case-control study, ad/bc

39
Q

Relative Risk

A

used in cohort study, (a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d))

40
Q

Attack Rate

A

the rate that a group experienced an outcome or illness equal to the number sick divided by the total in that group. (There should be a high attack rate in those exposed and a low attack rate in those unexposed.) For the exposed: a/(a+b) For the unexposed: c/(c+d)

41
Q

what is an epi-curve

A

An epi-curve is a histogram that shows the course of an outbreak by plotting the number of cases of a condition according to the time of onset

42
Q

Point source epi-curve

A

epidemics occur when people are exposed to the same exposure over a limited, well define period of time. The shape of the curve commonly rises rapidly and contains a definite peak, followed by a gradual decline.

43
Q

Continuous common source epi-curve

A

epidemics occur when the exposure to the source is prolonged over an extended period of time and may occur over more than one incubation period. The down slope of the curve may be very sharp if the common source is removed or gradual if the outbreak is allowed to exhaust itself.

44
Q

Propagated (progressive source) epi-curve

A

epidemics occur when a case of disease serves later as a source of infection for subsequent cases and those subsequent cases, in turn, serve as sources for later cases. The shape of this curve usually contains a series of successively larger peaks, reflective of the increasing number of cases caused by person-to-person contact, until the pool of those susceptible is exhausted or control measures are implemented.

45
Q

Cohort

A

These are the best method for determining the incidence and natural history of a condition.
NOT the most accurate
Prospective cohort studies
You have the effect and are looking for the cause.
people who didn’t get the disease are controls
Retrospective cohort studies
go back in time and study old data

46
Q

Cross-Sectional

A

Take the pop find the number of cases of a disease you have at a certain time.
Data, quick, different trials at the same time

47
Q

Case-Control

A

comparing groups, used for diseases that are uncommon, you look back and compare them, you have the effect (data) and try to find the cause, it determines the importance of a single variable, and rules out others

48
Q

Chain of Infection

A

Agent leaves reservoir through portal of exit, and is conveyed by some mode of transmission, and enters the appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host

49
Q

mold

A
  • water/ moisture related
  • hurts respiratory system
  • throat, eye, skin irritation, coughing, wheezing
  • fever and shortness of breath
  • very bad if already weak (chronic lung infection)
  • to decrease mold exposure; clean it up use bleach or ammonia
50
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A
  • odorless, colorless gas that occurs when fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) is burned
  • sudden illness and death
  • after disasters or power outages it can build up and poison people inside it
  • headaches dizziness, nausea, vomiting, altered mental status

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