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Science Olympiad > Anatomy and Physiology integumentary system > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology integumentary system Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

skin, hair, and nails

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2
Q

How big is the integumentary system?

A

10 pounds, surface area of 20 ft

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3
Q

skin functions (6)

A

1) protection from injury 2) protection from infection 3) regulates body temp 4) regulates water loss 5) chemical synthesis 6) sensory perception

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4
Q

three main layers of skin

A

1) epidermis 2) dermis 3) hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

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5
Q

epidermis

A
  • most superfical layer of skin
  • covers almost entire body surface
  • tenth of a milimeter thick
  • 40-50 rows of stacked squamous epithelial cells
  • avascular (no vessals) region
  • recieves nutrients via diffusion of fluids from dermis
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6
Q

Keratinocytes cells

A

90% of epidermal cells, made of keratin (fibours protein- keeps skin waterproof/ elastic)

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7
Q

Melanocytes cells

A

8% of epidermal cells, produces melanin, contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light

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8
Q

Langerhans cells

A

arise from red bone marrow and migrate to epidermis- damaged by UV light, small portion of cells, helps immune system response

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9
Q

Merkel cells

A

least numerous of epidermal cells, deepest layer, found along tactile dics (hold cells), fuctin in sensation of touch

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10
Q

Stratum Corenum

A

nuclei and organells are destroyed by lysosomes and the cells fill keratin

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11
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

only found in the palms and soles of feet 3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead kerantinocytes, dense packed intermediate filaments, thick plasma membranes

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12
Q

Stratum Gradulosum

A

cells start to become keritanized, marks transition between deeper metabolicaly active strata and the dead cells of the superfical strata, secretes lipid rich secretion that acts as a water sealant

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13
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

8-10 layers of kertino cytes, cells have spine like projections (bundles of filaments of the cytoskeleton) that tightly joins cells to each other, provides skin both strength and flexibility

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14
Q

Stratum basale

A

also referred to as as stratum germinatum, where new cells are formed, deepest layer of epidermis, single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

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15
Q

growth of epidermis

A
  • newly formed cells in the stratum basale undergo kertinazation (gain keratin) as they are pushed to the surface and accumulate more keratin during the process
  • then they undergo apoptosis or death
  • evently they are slough off and replaced
  • takes about 4 weeks
  • rate of cell division in stratum basale increases during injury
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16
Q

Dermis

A
  • deep layer pf skin under epidermis
  • made of dense irregular connective tissue along with nervous tisse, blood, and blood vessels
  • much thicker than epidermis
  • gives skin strength and elasticity
    • collogen fibers- make up 70% of dermis and give structural toughness and strength
    • elastin fibers- loosly arranged in all directions to give elasticity to skin
  • two distinct regions- papillary and reticular levels
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17
Q

Papillary layer

A
  • superfical layer of dermis, that boarders epidermis
  • contains finger like extensions called dermal papillae that protrude superficially toward the epidermis
    • provide nutrients and oxygen and contain nerves and blood vessels that are projected toward the surface of the skin
    • blood flowing through the papillae provide nutrients and oxygen for the cells of the epidermis
    • the nerves of the papillae are used to feel touch, pain ,and temp through cells of the epidermis
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18
Q

Reticular Layer

A
  • deeper layer of dermis thicker and tougher
  • made of dense irregular connective tissue that contains many tough collagen and strechy elastin fibers that provide elasticity to the skin
  • contains blood vessels to support the skin cells and nerve tissue to sense pressure and pain in the skin
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19
Q

Hypodermis

A
  • deep under skin layer called hypodermis, subcutis, or subcutaneous tissue
  • serves as flexible connection between skin and underlying muscles and bones as well as fat storage
  • areolar connective tissue in hypodermis contains elastin and collagen fibers loosly arranged to strech and moe independtly of its underlying structure
  • fatty adipose tissue in hypodermis stores energy in form of triglcerides also helps insulate the body by trapping heat produced by undelying muscles
  • not considered to be part of skin- below dermis
  • infants and elderly have less of this than adults and are therefore more sensitive to cold
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20
Q

Name the 3 main layers of the skin.

A
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21
Q

Name the five layers of the epidremis.

A
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22
Q

Name the 8 cell types.

A
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23
Q

Name the 2 layers of the dermis.

A
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24
Q

Skin Color

(genetic and enviormental factors)

A
  1. genetic factors- skin pigminentation
    • all humans have smae # of melnaocytes
    • amt of melanin produced is controlled by several genes
    • lack of pigment is called albinism
  2. enviormental factors- exposure to sunlight
    • volume of blood- hemoglobin in blood (lack of blood= skin turns blue- cynosis)
  3. differnece in skin color due to amt of pigment that melanocytes produce and disperse ti keraitnnocytes
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25
Q

Skin Glands

(2 types; with 2 subtypes)

A
  1. Sudoriferous- sweat gland
    • eccrine sweat glands- secretes cooling sweat
    • appocrine sweat glands- during emotional stress/ excitment
  2. Sebaceous- oil glands
    • acne- inflammation of sebaceous gland ducts
    • ceruminous- modified sweat glands of the external ear that produce earwax
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26
Q

Functions of hair

A
  • on head- protects scalp from injury/ sunlight
  • eyelashes and eyebrows protect eyes
  • nostril and ear hair protect from foreign particles
  • help in sensing light touch due to the touch receptors associated with the hair roots plexuses
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27
Q

functions of nails

A
  • grasping objects
  • manipulating objects
  • protects end of digits from trauma
  • scratching
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28
Q

Where is hair located? How many are there? What is there shape and how does that effect them?

A
  1. about 100,000 hairs on scalp
  2. about 5 million over whole body
  3. every part of body except- palms of hands, soles of feet, soles of fingers and toes, lips, and parts of the genitals
  4. diffir in size, shape, and color
    • eyebrows- short and stiff, scalp- longer and flexible, rest if body- nearly invisable
    • oval shaped hair shafts- produce wavy hair
    • flat shaped hair shafts- produce curly/ kinky hair hair
    • round shaped hair shafts- produce straight hair
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29
Q

Hair growth

A
  • hair follicoles grow in repeated cycles
  • three phases
    1. anagen- growth phase
    2. catagen- transtional phase
    3. telogen- resting phase
      • each hair goes through the cycle indepdently of its neighboring hairs
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30
Q

Nail Anatomy

A
  • thightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells
  • consists of
    • nail body- portion of nail that is visible
    • free edge- part that extends past the distal end of the digit
    • lunula- “little moon” crescent shaped are of the nail
    • hyponychium- secures nail to the fingertip
    • eponychium or cuticle- narrow band of epidermis (thickened stratum corneum)
  • growth of hair nails is in the nail matrix
31
Q

What is each skin gland?

A
32
Q

Hair Growth Cycle Stages

A
33
Q

lesion

A

area of damaged tissuse caused by disease or trauma

34
Q

cyst

A

thick walled, closed sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid materials

35
Q

fissure

A

groove or crack like sore

36
Q

macule

A

discolored (often reddened) flat lesion

ex/ freckles, tatto marks, flat moles

37
Q

papule

A

small (> 1cm in diameter), solid elevation in skin

38
Q

polyp

A

mushroom-like growth extending on a stalk from the surface of mucous membranes

39
Q

pustule

A

small elevation of the skin containing pus

40
Q

ulcer

A

open sore or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane

41
Q

vesicle

A

small collection of clear fluid (serum); blister

42
Q

wheal

A

smooth, slightly elevated, edematous (swollen) area that is redder or paler than the surrounding skin

43
Q

Main Causes of burns

A

o Careless use of small flame; i.e. Matches, cigarettes
o Hot liquid scalds
o Defective equipment; i.e. electrical equipment, cooking equipment
o Open flames esp. when flammable clothing is worn
o Unsafe use of flammable liquids
o Use of overheated water for bathing
o Improper use of chemicals, strong acids or detergents

44
Q

Classification of burns

A

o Three main types-
• First degree
• Second degree
• Third degree
o Extent and location
• How much skin it covers and where it is
• Hospitalization for adults with 15% of body burned, 10% for child

45
Q

• First degree burn

A

o Causes; mild sunburn, light contact with hot objects, scalding by water or steam
o Symptoms
• Redness or discoloration
• Mild swelling and pain
• Rapid healing
o Treatment
• Apply cold water
• Apply dry dressing

46
Q

• Second degree burns

A

o Causes; deep sunburn, contact with hot liquids, flash burns from gasoline, kerosene, etc.
o Normally more painful than third degree burns because the nerve endings in the skin aren’t burned off
o Symptoms
• More depth than first degree
• Red or mottled appearance
• Development of blisters
• Swelling over several days
• Wet appearance of skin (caused by loss of plasma through damaged skin)
o Treatment
• -Apply cold (not ice) water
• Blot dry
• Apply dry sterile bandage
• Don’t use home remedies or any ointment

  • Don’t break blisters
  • Keep arms and legs elevated if affected
47
Q

• Third degree burns

A

o Causes; open flame, ignited clothing, immersion in hot water, contact with hot objects or electricity
• The temperature and duration of contact are important factors in determining extent of tissue damage
o Symptoms
• Deep tissue destruction
• White or charred appearance (may resemble second degree burn at first)
• Complete loss of skin layers
o Treatment
• Don’t remove charred clothing
• Cover burns with dry sterile bandage
• Keep hands, legs, arms elevated if affected
• Keep open airway
• Don’t use ointments
• Get them to hospital as quickly as possible

48
Q

• Other burns

A

o Chemical
• Wash off chemical and apply dressings
o Eye burns
• Flush eye with water and go to hospital
o Sunburn
• Prevention- expose skin to sun gradually to avoid burning

49
Q

Athlete’s foot- what is it?

A
  • what is it?
    • fungal infection that develops in the moist areas between your toes and sometimes other parts of your foot
    • also called tinea pedis- it’s the most common type of fungal infection
    • contagious- spread by contact with infected person or contaminated areas like towels, floors, and shoes
50
Q

Athlete’s foot symptoms

A
  • symptoms?
    • itching, stinging, and burning between your toes and on the soles of your feet
    • cracking and peeling of skin
    • excessive dryness on sides and soles of feet
    • toenails are thick, crumbly, ragged, discolored and/or pulling away from the nail beed
51
Q

Athlete’s foot causes

A
  • causes?
    • closly related to other fungal infections like ringworm and jockitch
    • group of mold-like fungi called dermatophytes causes the infections which thrive in damp, close enviorments like damp socks and tight shoes taht create warm, moist areas
52
Q

Impetigo basics

A
  • highly contagious bacterial skin disease
  • mostly occurs in children
53
Q

Impetigo symptoms

A
  • red sores that rupture quickly, ooze for a few days, then leave behind a golden crust
  • starts around nose and mouth, but spreads to other parts of body like chicken pox
54
Q

Impetigo Causes

A
  • staphlococcus (staph)
  • streptococcus (strep)
  • MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus)- severe form of staph
55
Q

Types of skin cancer

A
  • basal cell carcinoma
    • uncommon, curable if found early
  • squamous cell carinoma
    • occurs at skin exposed to sun
  • malignat melanoma
    • most common in southern hemisphere where ozone layer is thin
    • deadly if not caught early
56
Q

causes of skin cancer

A
  • gentic
  • exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun
  • two types of rays
    • UVA- tans, sunburns, and production of vita B
    • UVB- harmful ray that causes skin cancer (also in artifical soures i.e. tanning booths ansd sunlamps)
57
Q

Skin cancer prevention

A
  • use SPF 15 min
  • wear hats and long sleeves
  • wear sunglasses
  • avoid tanning booths
  • seek shade (esp. in mid-day)
58
Q

Skin cancer symptoms

A
  • skin growth increases in size and appears pearly, translucent, tan, brown, black, or multicolored
  • ABCD (asymmetry, border irregularity, differnet colors, 1/4 inch diameter)
59
Q

Treatment of skin cancer

A
  • curettage and electrodesicacation- cut of the skin cells, than treat area with electric currenr to kill the rest of the cancer and control bleeding
  • convential surgery- cuts out the cancer and some healthy cells
  • Mohs’ technique-shaves off one layer of skin at a time until entire tumor is removed
60
Q

What are boils?

A
  • skin infection that starts in hair follicle or oil gland
  • common in face, neck, armpits, sholders, and buttocks
61
Q

Boils causes

A

bacteria (staphlococcal bacteria) that gets in through small cuts

62
Q

Boils symptoms

A
  • hard red painful lump, 1/2 in, lump ->softer, larger, more painful ->pus pocket forms in boil
  • skin around boil can become infecteed, more boils can appear, fever, lympoh nodes may become swollen
63
Q

Diseases boils can cause?

A
  • cellulities, folliculities, impetigo, stye boil, furnacle, carbuncle
  • in blood stream= bacteremia
  • serious infection can result from s. aureus (infection with serious side effects)
64
Q

basic info about HPV

A
  • Human papillomavirus
  • STD
  • DNA virus from papillomarius family
  • infects keratinocytes
  • over 40 types
65
Q

HPV symptoms

A
  • majority no symptoms
  • some warts or cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, and anus, RRP is a condition where warts grom in throat
66
Q

at risk for HPV

A
  • currently or at one point sexullay active (even if in monogamus realtionship)
67
Q

screening for HPV

A

woman over and = to 30 screened for cervical cancer

none for males

68
Q

pervention of HPV

A
  • vaccines
  • condoms (not 100%)
  • monogamous relationship from both parties
69
Q

Aging Skin

A
  • In our 20s, the effects of aging begin to be visible in the skin.
  • Stem cell activity declines: skin thin, repair difficult
  • Epidermal dendritic cells decrease: reduced immune response
  • Vitamin D3 production declines: calcium absorption declines and brittle bones
  • Glandular activity declines: skin dries, body can overheat
  • Blood supply to dermis declines: tend to feel cold
  • Hair follicles die or produce thinner hair
  • Dermis thins and becomes less elastic – wrinkles
70
Q

Skin Markings

A
  • friction ridges: markings on fingertips characteristic of primates - allow us to manipulate objects more easily-fingerprints are friction ridge skin impressions
  • flexion lines: on flexor surfaces of digits, palms, wrists, elbows etc.- skin is tightly bound to deep fascia at these points
  • freckles: flat melanized patches vary with heredity or exposure to sun
  • moles: elevated patch of melanized skin, of the with hair mostly harmless, beauty marks
71
Q

Skin allergies

(poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac) Causes

A
  • also called contact dermatitus
  • caused by urushiol, oil plants, found in every part of plant
  • these plants are very fragile, and stems and leaves broken by the wind and animals even the tiny holes made by chewing insects can release urushiol
  • passive cause, smoke from those burned plants, when inhaled the smoke expose the skin to the chemical but also the nasal passsages, throat, and lungs, inhaled urushiol can cause a very serious allergic reaction
72
Q

Skin allergies

(poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac) symptoms

A
  • after 1 minute skin will start to absorb urushiol though you may not feel rash right away
  • after one week, rash starts to appear or it took a few hours or few days to appear
  • symptoms include:
    • itchy skin
    • redness, red streaks
    • hives
    • swelling
  • an outbreak of small or large blisters often forming streaks or lines
  • crusting skin (after blisters burst)
  • the rash is very itchy and can appear on any part of body. the rash can continue to appear on new parts of your body when
    • other parts of the body touch the oil
    • you spread the oil on your skin by touching other parts of your body
    • you can’t give the rash to others, they must touch the actual oil
73
Q

Skin allergies

(poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac) Treatments

A
  • wash the area with soap and water to get rid of any remaining oil on skin, the rash should go in a week or 2
  • some other ways
    • apply corticosteroid cream and calamine lotion to affected area
    • apply wet compress every couple of hours for more than 10 minutes
    • taking oral antihistamines
    • oatmeal bath
    • baking soda bath
74
Q

Skin allergies

(poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac) Prevention

A
  • learn to identify the plants
  • clean your clothes
  • wash skin after touching plants
  • use skin cream containing bentoquatam

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