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Biology 2 > Disease, Defence, and Treatment > Flashcards

Disease, Defence, and Treatment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is penicillin?

A

An antibiotic made of a fungus discover by Alexander Fleming.

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2
Q

What are new antibiotics?

A

They are chemically modified or synthetic

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3
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Destroy bacteria and stop their growth

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4
Q

What do antibiotics work on?

A

Bacteria and fungi

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5
Q

What do antibiotics not work on?

A

Viruses

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6
Q

What is antibiotic resistance + why + an example

A

When an antibiotic no longer works. This may be due to over-use of antibiotics. E.g, MRSA

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7
Q

How can we prevent MRSA being an issue in hospitals?

A

Good hygiene.
Hand washing, alcohol gels, effective cleaning

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8
Q

Are micro-organisms harmful?

A

Most are harmless and some are helpful

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9
Q

What are microorganisms that cause disease called?

A

Pathogens

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10
Q

What microorganism can cause disease?

A

Fungi, protists, bacteria, and viruses

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11
Q

What features does a bacterium have?

A

Cell membrane, circular DNA, cytoplasm, cell wall, (flagellum)

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12
Q

What features does a virus have?

A

Envelope, protein coat, genes

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13
Q

How can pathogens spread?

A

Contact, aerosol, body fluids, water, insects, contaminated food.

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14
Q

Why do pathogens spread?

A

Because they are communicable

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15
Q

What body defences are there?

A

Skin flora, intact waterproof skin, stomach acid (and lysozyme)

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16
Q

Skin flora

A

Bacteria that live on the skin and makes it difficult for pathogens to become established.

17
Q

Intact skin

A

Is a barrier. Blood clots immediately around wounds.

18
Q

Stomach acid (and lysozyme)

A

Destroy pathogens, found in stomach (and in tears)

19
Q

When do white blood cells respond?

A

When pathogens manage to enter the body

20
Q

What are phagocytes and what do they do?

A

They react to antigens (proteins on the surface of a pathogen).
The phagocyte recognises the antigens as an invader and engulfs it.
Enzymes in the phagocyte digest the pathogen.

21
Q

What are lymphocytes and what do the do?

A

Recognise the specific antigens on the invading microbe (each strain has unique antigens) .
Different shaped antibodies are produced by the lymphocyte until one is found that have a complementary shape to the antigen.
Antitoxins are also produced by lymphocytes to neutralise any toxins produced my the pathogen.

22
Q

What is the function of antibodies?

A

Mark the microbe for destruction, clump microbes together, cause microbe’s destruction.

23
Q

Why is rigorous testing of new drugs needed?

A

To avoid side effects

24
Q

What happens in pre-clinical trials?

A

Testing on lab-grown human cells
Testing on animals
Testing on healthy human volunteers

25
Q

What happens during clinical testing?

A

Testing on small group of patients and placebo pills

26
Q

What is a placebo?

A

Used instead of a drug in a drug trial, does nothing.

27
Q

What is a blind trial?

A

Patients don’t know if they have a drug or a placebo.

28
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

Neither patient nor doctor know who has a drug or a placebo

29
Q

After an invading pathogen has been destroyed what happens to the lymphocytes.

A

The plasma cells die but the memory cells stay. If the same pathogen is encountered, the memory cells will remember the antibody used. The antibodies will be produced faster and in larger quantities, destroying the pathogen before symptoms appear. This is immunity.

30
Q

The two ways immunity can be developed

A

The disease or a vaccination

31
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

A dead, attenuated, or part of a microbe with the antigen being introduced into the body.

32
Q

Why are vaccines important for the community

A

If most are immune, the disease cannot spread to unvaccinated people. This is herd immunity.

33
Q

What plays a role in whether parents vaccinate their children?

A

The media.

Biology 2 (5 decks)

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