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BIOLOGY > DISEASE AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DISEASE AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a disease

A

a condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism

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2
Q

pathogen

A

organism that causes disease

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3
Q

types of disease

A

bacteria
virus
fungi
protoctista

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4
Q

communicable disease

A

a disease that can spread between organisms

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5
Q

bacterium disease

A

bacterial meningitis- humans
tuberculosis- animals and humans
ring rot- potatoes and tomatoes

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6
Q

virus disease

A

HIV/AIDs- humans
influenza- animals and humans
tobacco mosaic virus- plants

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7
Q

fungus disease

A

athlete’s foot- humans
ringworm- cattle
black sigatoka- banana plants

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8
Q

protoctist disease

A

malaria- humans and animals

potato/tomato late blight- potatoes and tomatoes

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9
Q

direct transmission

A 
directly from one organism to another
droplet infection (coughing or sneezing)
sexual intercourse
touch
HIV
athlete’s foot
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10
Q

indirect transmission

A

transmitted via an intermediate (air, water, food, vector)
potato/tomato late blight- spores carries between plants in air then in water
malaria- vector

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11
Q

overcrowding

A

TB- droplet infection
indirectly also as it remains in the air for long periods of time
risk increased when lots of people in the same area

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12
Q

climate

A

potato/tomato late blight common during wet summers because spores need water to spread
malaria common in tropical countries which are humid and hot

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13
Q

social factors

A

limited access to good healthcare- people less likely to be diagnosed and treated
no healthcare education to inform how disease is transmitted and how to be avoided

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14
Q

skin as a barrier

A

blocks entrance of pathogens

chemical barrier by producing chemicals that are antimicrobial and lower the pH which inhibits the growth of pathogens

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15
Q

mucous membranes as barriers

A

protect body openings which are exposed to the environment

some secrete mucus which traps pathogens and contains antimicrobial enzymes

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16
Q

blood clotting as a barrier

A

blood clot= mesh of protein fibres which plug wounds to prevent pathogen entry and blood loss
formed by a series of chemical reactions that take place when platelets are exposed to damaged blood vessels

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17
Q

inflammation as a barrier

A

swelling, pain, heat, redness
triggered by tissue damage- releases molecules which increase the permeability of the blood vessels so they release fluid into the surrounding area
isolated surrounding pathogens, the molecules also cause vasodilation which increase blood flow- white blood cells reach the surface

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18
Q

wound repair as a barrier

A

skin can reform a barrier
surface repaired by the outer layer of the skin cells dividing and migrating to the edges
tissue below contracts and brings the edges of the wound together
repaired using collagen fibres and produces a scar

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19
Q

repulsive reflexes as a barrier

A

coughing and sneezing
a sneeze happens when the mucous membranes in nostrils are irritated by dust or dirt
cough stems from irritation of the respiratory tract
automatic

20
Q

2 plants physical barriers

A

wait cuticle- prevents water collecting on the leaf

cell walls

21
Q

callose

A

production of the polysaccharide callose which gets deposited between plant cell walls and plasma membranes during times of stress making it harder for pathogens to enter cells
callose deposition at the plasmodesmata may limit the spread of viruses between cells

22
Q

antimicrobial chemicals that kill pathogens and inhibit their growth

A

saponins- destroy fungi cell membranes

phytoalexins- inhibit the growth of fungi

23
Q

4 stages of the immune response

A

phagocytosis
activations of T lymphocytes
activation of B lymphocytes
plasma cells made

24
Q

phagocytosis

A

phagocyte recognises antigens on pathogen
cytoplasm of phagocyte moves around the pathogen and engulfs it
osponins attach to the foreign antigens and aid phagocytosis
pathogen now in phagosome
lysosomes fuses with phagosome which breaks down the pathogen
phagocyte presents the antigens of the pathogen and sticks them on the surface to trigger immune system cells and by doing this- acts as a antigen presenting cell (APC)

25
Q

activation of T lymphocytes

A

type of white blood cell with a surface covered in receptors
receptors binds to antigen presenting cells (APC)
when receptors of T lymphocyte meets a complementary antigen it binds to it so each lymphocyte binds to a different antigen
activates the T lymphocyte- clonal selection
lymphocyte undergoes clonal expansion where it divides to produce clones of itself

26
Q

types of T lymphocytes

A

T helper cells- releases interleukins to activate B lymphocytes and T killer cells
T killer cells- attach and kill cells affected with a virus
T regulatory cells- suppresses the immune response from other white blood cells which helps to stop the immune system cells from mistakenly attacking the host’s body cells
T memory cells

27
Q

activation of B lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes are covered in antibodies which bind to form an antigen-antibody complex
when antibody on the surface of a B lymphocyte meets a complementary shaped antigen it binds
T helper cells release interleukins which activate a B lymphocyte- clonal selection
activated B lymphocyte divides by mitosis into plasma cells and memory cells- clonal expansion
cell signalling important here

28
Q

plasma cells made

A

clones of B lymphocyte
secrete loads of the antibody which are specific to the antigen into the blood
these antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of the pathogen to form lots of antigen-antibody complexes

29
Q

what does an antigen-antibody consist of

A 
variable region
constant region
disulphide bridge
antigen attached
light chain
heavy chain
30
Q

3 ways of clearing infection

A

agglutinating proteins- each antibody has 2 binding sites so it can bind to 2 pathogens at the same time and they become clumped together. phagocytes then bind to the antibodies and phagocytise a lot of the pathogens all at once
neutralising toxins- antitoxins bind to toxins produced by pathogens which prevents the toxins from affecting human cells. the toxins are phagocytosed
prevent pathogen binding to human cells- antibodies binding to the antigens on pathogens block the cell surface receptor that the pathogens need to bind to the host cells

31
Q

primary response

A

slow with no B lymphocytes
eventually enough antibodies will be made and the symptoms will show
both T and B lymphocytes produce memory cells
memory T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes produce memory cells
memory T lymphocytes remember the specific antigen and will recognise it
memory B lymphocytes record the specific antibodies needed
person now immune

32
Q

secondary response

A

quicker
stronger response
clonal selection will happen faster
memory B lymphocytes are activated and divide into plasma cell that produces the right antibody
memory T lymphocytes are activated and divide into the correct type of T lymphocyte to kill the cell carrying the antigen
gets rid of pathogen before you show any symptoms

33
Q

types of blood cells

A

monocyte- biggest white blood cell, kidney bean shaped nucleus and non grainy cytoplasm
lymphocyte- nucleus takes up most of the cell
neutrophil- nucleus looks like three interconnected blobs (multilobed) and the cytoplasm is grainy

34
Q

active immunity

A 
immune system makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by an antigen
exposure to antigen
takes a while for protection
protection= long term
memory cells produced
35
Q

passive immunity

A

being given antibodies made by a different organism
protection is immediate
protection= short term
no memory cells produced

36
Q

natural immunity

A

active- become immune after catching a disease

passive- immune after being given antibodies

37
Q

artificial immunity

A

active- immune after vaccination

passive- immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else

38
Q

autoimmune disease

A

immune system doesn’t recognise its self antigens and treats them as foreign antigens and launches an immune response against the organisms tissues
chronic and treated but not cured

39
Q

examples of autoimmune disease

A

lupus- immune system attacks connective tissues causing inflammation, can affect the skin, joints, heart and the lungs
rheumatoid arthritis- immune system attacks the joints and causes pain and inflammation

40
Q

vaccines

A

the administration of antigens into the body
contains antigens that cause your body to produce memory cells against a particular pathogen
contain antigens- free or attached to a dead or weaken pathogen
booster vaccines
MMR
meningitis C vaccine

41
Q

herd immunity

A

most people in a community are vaccinated

prevents epidemics

42
Q

immunation

A

the process where immunity is developed

vaccination causes immunity

43
Q

antibiotics

A

chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
target bacterial cells without damaging human cells
penicillin- first antibiotic to be isolated (Alexander Flemming)
can cause side effects

44
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

genetic mutations cause some bacteria to be naturally resistant
can survive and reproduce- carrying on the allele for antibiotic resistance to the offspring (natural selection)
MRSA- causes serious wound infection- immune to meticulous

45
Q

overcoming antibiotic resistance

A

developing new antibiotics
modifying old antibiotics
reduce use of antibiotics
take full course of antibiotics

46
Q

future of medicine

A

personalised- medicines tailored for person’s DNA
synthetic- uses technology to design and make things like artificial proteins, cells and microorganisms. engineering bacteria

BIOLOGY (18 decks)

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