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BIOLOGY > CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION > Flashcards

CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Classification

A

Arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences
Makes it easier for scientists to identify them

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2
Q

Taxonomy

A

Study of classification

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3
Q

Taxonomic hierarchy

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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4
Q

The five kingdoms

A

Prokaryotae- bacteria, prokaryotic, unicellular, no nucleus
Protoctista- algae, protozoa, eukaryotic, usually live in water, single celled or simple multicellular
Fungi- moulds, yeasts and mushrooms, eukaryotic, chitin cell wall, single celled or simple multicellular, saprotrophic
Plantae- mosses, ferns, flowering plants, eukaryotic, multicellular, cellulose cell walls, photosynthesise, chlorophyll, autotrophic
Animalia- molluscs, insects, fish, reptiles, birds, mammals, eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell wall, heterotrophic

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5
Q

Types of evidence

A

Molecular- similarities in proteins and DNA, DNA storage and sequence of bases, sequence of amino acids
Embryological evidence- similarities in early stages of an organisms development
Anatomical evidence- similarities in structure and function of different body parts
Behavioural evidence- similarities in behaviour and social organisation

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6
Q

Three domain system

A

Large super kingdoms above kingdoms in the taxonomic hierarchy
Archaea and bacteria- cells without a nucleus
Eukarya- cells with a nucleus

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7
Q

How did the three domain system come about

A

Molecular evidence- enzyme RNA polymerase is different in bacteria and archaea. Archaea have similar histones to eukarya
Cell membranes evidence- bonds of lipids in cell membranes of bacteria and archaea are different, development of flagella also different

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8
Q

What is the three domain system an example of

A

How scientific knowledge is always changing and improving

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9
Q

Variation

A

Differences that exist between individuals, every organism is unique

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10
Q

Interspecific variation

A

Variation between species

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11
Q

Intraspecific variation

A

Variation within species

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12
Q

Continuous variation

A

When individuals in a species vary within a range

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13
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

Two or more distinct categories

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14
Q

Genetic factors leading to variation

A

Same species- same genes- different alleles
Differences in genotype lead to differences in phenotype
Blood group, antibiotic resistance
Inherited

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15
Q

Environmental factors leading to variation

A

Differences in the environment

Accents/piercings

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16
Q

Genetic and environmental factors leading to variation

A

Born with but environments influence how the characteristics develop
Weight- nutrient availability
Flagellum- genes determine if they grow or not but some only start to grow in certain environments

17
Q

Adaptations

A

Organisms have features that increase their chances of survival and reproduction and also the chances of offspring reproducing successfully
Adaptations develop due to evolution by natural selection

18
Q

Behavioural adaptations

A

Way an organism acts to increase survival
Possums play dead
Scorpions dance before mating

19
Q

Physiological adaptations

A

Processes inside the body which increase chances of survival
Brown bears hibernate
Some bacteria produce antibiotics

20
Q

Anatomical adaptations

A

Structural features
Otters- streamline shape
Whales- thick layer of blubber

21
Q

Marsculpial mammals

A

Kangaroos
Short gestation period
Don’t develop a full placenta
Born early in development and climb into mothers pouch where they become attached to the teat and receive milk

22
Q

Placental mammals

A

Humans
Longer gestation period
Develop a placenta during pregnancy which allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products
Born fully developed
Evolved differently and independently on different continents

23
Q

Marsupial and placental moles aren’t closely related, list their similar adaptations

A 
Live in tunnels underground
Burrow to reach food supply
Small/non existent eyes
No external ears
Scoop shaped paws
Claws for digging
Tube shaped body
Cone shaped head
24
Q

Who came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

25
Q

Darwin’s observations

A

Organisms produce more offspring than survive
Variation of characteristics of the same species
Some characteristics passed on from generations
Individuals best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive

26
Q

Darwin’s theory

A

Individuals in a population show variation in their phenotypes
Selection pressures create a struggle for survival
Individuals with better adaptations are more likely to survive and have reproductive success
Overtime, the proportion of the population possessing the advantageous adaptations increases
Over generations, this leads to evolution as the favourable adaptations become more common

27
Q

Alfred Russell’s theory of evolution

A

Warning colours are used by some species (butterflies) to deter predators from eating them which is an example of an advantageous adaptation

28
Q

Evidence supporting evolution

A

Fossil records- remains of organisms preserved in rocks, shows gradual change
DNA evidence- closely related species diverged more recently, evolution is caused by gradual changes in the base sequence of an organism’s DNA, organisms that diverged more recently have less change in DNA
Molecular evidence- sequences of amino acids in proteins and comparing antibodies

29
Q

Evolved resistance (pesticides)

A

Pesticides- chemicals that kill pests.
There is a variation in the population of insects
Genetic mutations create alleles that make some insects naturally resistant to a pesticide
Only resistant individuals will survive and reproduce, these alleles are passed on and the population evolves

30
Q

Evolved resistance (drugs)

A

Pathogens have become resistant to specific drugs
Infections caused by resistant microorganisms are harder to treat
New drugs need to be developed
Takes time and money

BIOLOGY (18 decks)

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