Disease

Question 1

What are antibodies?

Answer 1

Y-Shaped glycoproteins made by B cells of the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen

Question 2

What is a specific immune response?

Answer 2

The immune system
'remembers' an
antigen after an initial
response leading to
an enhanced
response to
subsequent
encounters

Question 3

What shape are

antibodies?

Answer 3

Y shaped

Question 4

Where do T-cells mature

Answer 4

Thymus gland

Question 5

Where do B-cells

mature

Answer 5

bone marrow

Question 6

What is the function of B plasma cells?

Answer 6

To produce antibodies

Question 7

How does the
sequence of amino
acids affect an
antibody?

Answer 7

The sequence of
amino acids
determines the shape
of the variable region
(sequence of amino
acids) and so which
antigen is detected

Question 8

How many
polypeptide chains
does an antibody
contain?

Answer 8

4

Question 9

What type of
molecule is an
antibody?

Answer 9

protein

Question 10

What is the
relationship between
the two light chains of
antibodies?

Answer 10

They are identical

Question 11

What is the
relationship between
the two heavy chains
of antibodies?

Answer 11

They are identical

Question 12

What sort of proteins are antibodies?

Answer 12

Globular.

Question 13

How many binding
sites are there on an
antibody?
Where are they?

Answer 13

3
Two antigen binding sites
One receptor site that allows the body to recognise the antibody as self

Question 14

How are all antibodies similar?

Answer 14

They share the same common region

Question 15

What type of bonding
occurs between the
heavy and light
strands in antibodies?

Answer 15

disulfide

Question 16

How are the heavy
strands attached in
antibodies?

Answer 16

Disulfide bonds

Question 17

How many light
strands are in an
antibody?

Answer 17

2

Question 18

How many heavy strands in an antibody

Answer 18

2

Question 19

What is the
relationship between
the variable region
and the antigen?

Answer 19

They have
complementary
shapes

Question 20

What allows for

sulfide bonding?

Answer 20

The amino

acid cysteine

Question 21

Why do antibodies

have a hinge?

Answer 21

Allows antibodies to
flex slightly and
accommodate
differently sized
antigens

Question 22

What is the difference
between the light and
heavy chains of an
antibody?

Answer 22

The light chains are
much shorter than the
heavy chains

Question 23

How many amino
acids form a binding
site?

Answer 23

110

Question 24

What is formed when
an antibody binds to
an antigen?

Answer 24

An antigen-
antibody complex
-Act as opsonins

Question 25

How do antibodies defend the body? (4 reasons)

Answer 25

``` -Act as opsonins so the antigen is 'tagged' and easily engulfed -Act as antitoxins, binding to toxins produced by pathogens to render them harmless -Cause agglutination (clumping together) of pathogens which have antigen- antibody complexes, preventing them from spreading through the body and makes it easier for phagocytes to engulf several pathogens at once -Prevents pathogens from effectively invading a host ```

Question 26

Name the 4 types of | T cells

Answer 26

- Killer T cells - Helper T cells - Memory T cells - Regulator T cells

Question 27

Name the 3 types of | B cells

Answer 27

- B Plasma cells - B effector cells - B memory cells

Question 28

What are agglutinins?

Answer 28

``` Chemicals that cause pathogens to clump together so they are easier for phagocytes to engulf and digest ```

Question 29

What are cytokines?

Answer 29

``` Cell-signalling molecules that are produced in damaged tissues that attract phagocytes to the site of infection/ inflammation ```

Question 30

Where are cytokines | produced?

Answer 30

Mast cells

Question 31

What is inflammation?

Answer 31

``` Biological response of vascular tissues to pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants resulting in pain, heat, redness, and swelling ```

Question 32

What are antitoxins?

Answer 32

Chemicals that bind to toxins (produced by pathogens)

Question 33

What are histamines?

Answer 33

Chemicals that make blood vessels dilate and the blood vessel walls leaky

Question 34

Where are histamines | produced?

Answer 34

mast cells

Question 35

What are interleukins?

Answer 35

A type of cytokine produced by helper T cells

Question 36

What are autoimmune | diseases?

Answer 36

``` Diseases that are the result of abnormal immune responses that attack normally present tissues ```

Question 37

What are B | lymphocytes?

Answer 37

``` Lymphocytes which mature in the bone marrow and that are involved in the production of antibodies ```

Question 38

What are lysosomes?

Answer 38

``` Specialised vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for the breakdown of waste materials within a cell ```

Question 39

What are B | effector cells?

Answer 39

B lymphocytes that divide to form plasma cell clones

Question 40

What are killer T cells?

Answer 40

T lymphocytes that destroy pathogens carrying a specific antigen with perforin

Question 41

What are antigen- | antibody complexes?

Answer 41

The complex formed when an antibody binds to an antigen

Question 42

What are T | regulator cells?

Answer 42

``` T lymphocytes that suppress and control the immune system, stopping the response once a pathogen has been destroyed and preventing an autoimmune response ```

Question 43

What are | lymphocytes?

Answer 43

White blood cells that make up the specific immune system

Question 44

What are antigen- | presenting cells?

Answer 44

``` A cell that displays foreign antigens complexed with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces ```

Question 45

What are | Phagosomes?

Answer 45

The vesicle in which a pathogen or damaged cell is engulfed by a phagocyte

Question 46

What are T | lymphocytes?

Answer 46

``` Lymphocytes which mature in the thymus gland and that both stimulate the B lymphocytes and directly kill pathogens ```