Discussion

Question 1

This study demonstrates three key findings in relation to PPA, which extend established knowledge. Firstly ?

Answer 1

they show that not all test measures within a language domain are equally valuable or discriminating.

Question 2

This study demonstrates three key findings in relation to PPA, which extend established knowledge. Secondly ?

Answer 2

they highlight features outside the language domain that contribute to the differentiation between subtypes of PPA. A PCA elicited(saada selville) three distinct factors that combined pure linguistic and extra linguistic features, which were useful in discriminating the groups.

Question 3

This study demonstrates three key findings in relation to PPA, which extend established knowledge. Thirdly?

Answer 3

the findings show that despite high sensitivity of several measures to lvPPA they showed relatively poor specificity in discriminating lvPPA both from nfvPPA and from multidomain AD, highlighting the challenge for the diagnosis and classification of lvPPA.

Question 4

SD patients showed severely impaired

Answer 4

Naming.

Question 5

Yet, raw scores on naming tests ?

What was more useful marker?

Answer 5

Did not differentiate SD from the other patient groups.
A more useful marker was the relative magnitude of the naming impairment for nouns compared to that for verbs, which was significantly greater in SD compared to other groups.

Question 6

The Manchester comprehension test (word-picture matching), involving high frequency words, was ?

Answer 6

highly discriminatory because SD patients alone showed reduced scores.

Question 7

What is a limitation?

Answer 7

that the test is sufficiently easy that it elicited ceiling level scores in some SD patients, and so may be insensitive to mild comprehension impairments.

Question 8

This finding highlights the importance of ?

Answer 8

including for diagnostic purposes a variety of tests that range in level of difficulty.

Question 9

NfvPPA was the only group to perform ?

Answer 9

worse than controls and other patient groups on tests of grammar.

Question 10

Interestingly, however, production of grammatical sentences in picture description, a conventional measure of grammaticality, as well as a sentence completion using the correct verb tense, were ?

Answer 10

less discriminating than the simple Manchester sentence ordering task involving the ordering of five words to form a grammatically correct sentence.

Question 11

Different conditions of the Manchester sentence ordering task were

Answer 11

not equally discriminatory.

The core ‘order’ condition, in which patients have to order five words to make a sentence, was reasonably sensitive to nfvPPA (i.e., most patients with nfvPPA exhibited reduced scores on this test), yet it was not as specific as some of the other conditions (i.e., patients in other groups also had reduced scores in this domain).

Question 12

The likely explanation is ?

Answer 12

that performance could be compromised for reasons other than agrammatism. For example, SD patients might have difficulty understanding the component words of a sentence, whereas lvPPA and AD patients might be overloaded by task demands due to reduced working memory capacity.

Question 13

The ‘dictation’ condition, in which participants are dictated a full sentence and asked to order the words accordingly

Answer 13

increased specificity.

Question 14

NfvPPA patients predictably performed ?

on tests of orofacial praxis relative to the other patient groups.

Answer 14

Poorly

Question 15

Impaired production of repetitive and elongated speech sounds (orofacial praxis: sounds), that is, indicators of AOS, had ?

Answer 15

high sensitivity and specificity for nfvPPA.

Question 16

Problems in orofacial praxis in nfvPPA

Answer 16

extended beyond the realm of AOS, with impairments being demonstrated also in production of emotional gesture and orofacial actions, highlighting the association between gestural and spoken communication.

Question 17

patients in the nfvPPA group had the lowest factor scores

Answer 17

on the PCA, tests of orofacial actions, sentence processing and narrative production loaded heavily onto the same factor (speech production and grammaticality), on which

Question 18

Behavioural changes, particularly changes in frequency of engagement in hobbies, increased preference for order and routines, repetitive behaviours, and hoarding, occurred more frequently in

Answer 18

SD than the other patient groups.

Question 19

an increase in repetitive behaviours and increased enjoyment of quizzes occurred in the majority of

Answer 19

SD patients

Question 20

Nevertheless, each core behavioural domain evaluated in this study was affected in some patients with

Answer 20

NfvPPA

Question 21

Most of the behavioural changes we observed are characteristic of

Answer 21

BvFTD

Question 22

Consistent with previous findings, it is apparent that overlapping characteristics exist in these

Answer 22

three syndromes predominantly (mainly/mostly) predicated on FTLD pathology, that is, SD, nfvPPA, and bvFTD.

Question 23

In this study, there were no significant differences in the behavioural profile of

Answer 23

SD patients presenting with left and right predominant temporal lobe atrophy, and these behavioural features have been well documented

Question 24

The ubiquitous (kaikkialla oleva) nature of behavioural changes in SD

Answer 24

underscores the fact that this disorder extends beyond the realm of semantic memory and calls into question whether it should be considered primarily a disorder of language.

Question 25

Similarities between patients with left and right predominant temporal lobe atrophy also raises the question of ?

Answer 25

the usefulness of the contemporary distinction between syndromes associated, respectively, with left and right temporal lobe degeneration.

Question 26

Individual test scores failed to show a

Answer 26

clear pattern of deficits in lvPPA relative to the nfvPPA group.