Discourse

Question 1

Discourse markers

Answer 1

Words, phrases, or clauses that help to organise what we say or write (e.g. OK, so, ‘As I was saying’)

Question 2

Adjuncts

Answer 2

Non-essential elements of clauses (usually adverbials) that can be omitted (e.g. ‘I’ll see you in the morning’)

Question 3

Disjuncts

Answer 3

Sentence adverbs that work to express an attitude or stance towards material that follows (e.g. ‘Sadly, not one of them survived)

Question 4

Narrative structures

Answer 4

How events, actions and processes are sequenced when recounting a story

Question 5

Anaphoric references

Answer 5

Making a reference to something previously identified in a text (often using pronoun to refer to an already established reference point. e.g. ‘the woman stood by the door’)

Question 6

Cataphoric references

Answer 6

Making reference forwards to something as yet unidentified in a text (e.g. it was warm/it was living)

Question 7

Exophoric reference

Answer 7

Making reference to things beyond the language of a text itself, perhaps within a speaker’s immediate physical context (e.g. ‘Look at that’)

Question 8

Endophoric reference

Answer 8

Making reference to things within the language of the text

Question 9

Interdiscursivity or intertextuality

Answer 9

The use of discourses from one field as part of another (e.g. the use of science discourses in the selling of beauty products)

Question 10

Critical discourse analysis

Answer 10

The use of linguistic analysis to explore and challenge the ideologies, positions and values of texts and their producers.