Additional

Question 1

Audience

Answer 1

The receivers or intended receivers of a text (written, spoken or multimodal). The concept of an ideal audience/reader/narratee is often found in critical discourse. Texts might also have multiple audiences.

Question 2

Foregrounding

Answer 2

The way in which texts emphasise key events or ideas through the use of attention-seeking devices (in terms of lexis, semantics, phonology or grammar) that either repeat content (parallelism) or break established patterns (deviation.)

Question 3

Genre

Answer 3

The way of categorising and classifying different types of texts according to their features or expected shared conventions or functions.

Question 4

Literariness

Answer 4

The degree to which a text displays qualities that mean people see it as literary. It is best to see this as a continuum.

Question 5

Mode

Answer 5

The way in which language is communicated between text producer and receiver (image/writing/speech/logo).

Question 6

Semiotics

Answer 6

The study of signs and symbols and their uses or interpretations.

Question 7

Medium

Answer 7

How messages are mediated (e.g. paper or digital text)

Question 8

Channel

Answer 8

(from communication studies) - the physical means of transmission (auditory/visual/olfactory)

Question 9

Olfactory

Answer 9

Relating to the sense of smell

Question 10

Narrative

Answer 10

A type of text or discourse that functions to tell a series of events.

Question 11

Narrative part: story

Answer 11

The events, places, characters and time of action that act as the building blocks of the narrative

Question 12

Narrative part: narrative discourse

Answer 12

The particular shaping of the story who specific choices in language and structure.

Question 13

Poetic voice

Answer 13

The way in which a sense of identity is projected through language choices so as to give the impression of a distinct persona with a personal history and a set of beliefs and values. Grammatical voice is different.

Question 14

Point of view

Answer 14

The way in which events and experiences are filtered through a particular perspective to provide a particular version of reality.

• Space and time distortion: e.g. time frames/flashbacks/deixis
• Ideological distortion: e.g.: modal verbs/adjectives/adverbs (to stress belief), ideosyncratic words and phrases
• Distinguishing between who tells/who sees

Question 15

Positioning

Answer 15

how a text producer places or orientates him/herself to the subject being presented and towards the audience or reader being addressed

Question 16

Purpose

Answer 16

The intention or objective behind a text in terms of what it is designed to do and how it is used.

Question 17

Register

Answer 17

A variety of language that is associated with a particular field of reference

Question 18

Representation

Answer 18

How experiences, views and ideas are ‘re-presented’ to an audience in order to influence their way of seeing the world

Question 19

Style

Answer 19

The level of formality in a text. This can be seen as distinct from its register